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person being of high risk

  • 1 person being of high risk

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > person being of high risk

  • 2 person being of high risk

    особа, яка становить значну небезпеку (велику загрозу)

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > person being of high risk

  • 3 person

    person about to commit an offence — лицо, намеревающееся совершить преступление;

    person affected — потерпевший;

    person aided and abetted — лицо, которому оказано пособничество ( в совершении преступления);

    person already imprisoned — лицо, отбывающее тюремное заключение;

    person assaulted — лицо, подвергшееся нападению;

    person being of high risk — лицо, представляющее большую опасность;

    person engaged in a crime — лицо, принимающее участие в совершении преступления;

    person entitled — лицо, получившее право, уполномоченное лицо;

    person for trial — лицо, преданное суду;

    person having committed an offence — лицо, совершившее преступление;

    person held to labor [to service]амер. истор. лицо, приговорённое к каторжным работам;

    in person — лично;

    person in authority — лицо, облечённое властью;

    person in custody — лицо, содержащееся под стражей;

    person in question — лицо с сомнительной репутацией;

    person liable to do smth. — лицо, обязанное совершить что-л. ;

    person liable to smth. — лицо, подлежащее применению к нему какой-л. меры (напр. ареста);

    person on probation — лицо, находящееся на пробации;

    person on relief — лицо, получающее пособие;

    person on remand — подследственный;

    person on trial — ответчик; подсудимый;

    person on trial for a crime — подсудимый;

    person suffered to be at large on his parole — лицо, которому разрешено под честное слово находиться на свободе ( в порядке условно-досрочного освобождения);

    person proceeded against — лицо, против которого возбуждено (судебное) преследование;

    person responsible for his acts — лицо, ответственное за свои действия;

    person susceptible to treatment — лицо, способное поддаться лечению или исправительному воздействию;

    person under arrest — арестованный;

    person under investigation — подследственный;

    person under sentence — лицо, приговорённое к наказанию;

    person under sentence of death — приговорённый к смертной казни, смертник

    - person of foreign descent
    - person of law
    - person of ordinary prudence
    - person of sound mind
    - person of unsound mind
    - person of weak mind
    - accident-prone person
    - accused person
    - acquitted person
    - adjudicated person
    - afflicted person
    - apprehended person
    - arraigned person
    - arrested person
    - arrested-minded person
    - arrested-mind person
    - artificial person
    - assisted person
    - authorized person
    - average person
    - average person versed in the art
    - burglarized person
    - committed person
    - condemned person
    - convicted person
    - corporate person
    - dangerous person
    - deceased person
    - delinquency-prone person
    - designated person
    - detected person
    - disorderly person
    - displaced person
    - disruptive person
    - drunken person
    - elected person
    - ennobled person
    - ficticious person
    - foreign person
    - foreign born person
    - framed person
    - handicapped person
    - high risk person
    - identified person
    - idle and disorderly person
    - impeached person
    - imprisoned person
    - incorporated person
    - indicted person
    - individual person
    - informed person
    - injured person
    - insane person
    - international person
    - internationally protected person
    - irresponsible person
    - juridical person
    - law-abiding person
    - legal person
    - libelled person
    - low risk person
    - mentally abnormal person
    - missing person
    - mob-connected person
    - native person
    - natural person
    - negligent person
    - not responsible person
    - offending person
    - ordinarily reasonable person
    - physical person
    - politique person
    - poor person
    - poor person in receipt of relief
    - private person
    - privileged person
    - protected person
    - public person
    - qualified person
    - rational person
    - reputable person
    - responsible person
    - restricted person
    - sane person
    - self-employed person
    - sentenced person
    - single person
    - sober person
    - stateless person
    - subversive person
    - sued person
    - suspected person
    - third person
    - tried person
    - unauthorized person
    - United States person
    - unqualified person
    - violent person
    - violently dangerous person
    - wronged person
    - wrongful person
    - juristic person
    - reasonable person
    - law-complying person
    - lawful person
    - law obedient person

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > person

  • 4 risk

    1. n риск

    third party risk — риск, которому подвергается третье лицо

    2. n опасность, угроза
    3. n объект риска
    4. n страховая сумма
    5. n застрахованное лицо; застрахованная вещь

    person being of high risk — лицо, представляющее большую опасность

    6. v рисковать

    run a risk — рисковать; рискнуть

    taking the risk — рискующий; риск

    7. v отваживаться
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. chance (noun) chance; gamble; hazard
    2. danger (noun) chance; danger; dangerous chance; endangerment; gamble; hazard; imperilment; jeopardy; peril; uncertainty; venture
    3. endanger (verb) compromise; endanger; imperil; jeopard; jeopardize; jeopardy; menace; peril
    4. gamble (verb) adventure; chance; dare; gamble; hazard; jeopardise; speculate; venture
    5. go (verb) bet; go; lay; set; stake; wager
    Антонимический ряд:
    guarantee; insure; security

    English-Russian base dictionary > risk

  • 5 person

    особа, індивід, людина; особистість; фізична особа; юридична особа

    person about to commit an offence= person about to commit an offense особа, яка має намір вчинити злочин

    person about to commit an offense= person about to commit an offence

    person employed on collective agreement basis — особа, прийнята на роботою за колективною угодою

    person having committed an offence= person having committed an offense особа, яка вчинила злочин

    person having committed an offense= person having committed an offence

    person irresponsible for his acts= person irresponsible for her acts особа, яка не відповідає за свої дії

    person irresponsible for her acts= person irresponsible for his acts

    person on conditional discharge — особа, умовно звільнена від кримінальної відповідальності; умовно звільнений (субст.)

    person receiving an individual pension= person receiving an merit pension, person receiving an special pension персональний пенсіонер

    person receiving an merit pension= person receiving an individual pension

    person receiving an special pension= person receiving an individual pension

    person responsible for his acts= person responsible for her acts особа, відповідальна за свої дії

    person responsible for her acts= person responsible for his acts

    person seeking the refugee status — особа, яка домагається статусу біженця

    person serving a sentence in the form of confinement= person serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment особа, яка відбуває покарання у вигляді позбавлення волі

    person serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment= person serving a sentence in the form of confinement

    person subject to immigration control — особа, яка підлягає імміграційному контролю

    person suffered to be at large on his parole — особа, якій дозволено під чесне слово перебувати на волі ( в порядку умовно-дострокового звільнення)

    person susceptible to treatment — особа, яка піддається лікуванню (виправному впливу)

    person suspected of criminal activity — особа, яка підозрюється у злочинній діяльності

    person who has exhibited her full powers= person who has exhibited his full powers особа, яка пред'явила свої повноваження

    person who has exhibited his full powers= person who has exhibited her full powers

    person with criminal tendencies — особа, схильна до вчинення злочинів

    - person addicted to drug
    - person addicted to drugs
    - person affected
    - person aided and abetted
    - person already imprisoned
    - person assaulted
    - person being of high risk
    - person engaged in a crime
    - person entitled
    - person for trial
    - person held to labor
    - person held to service
    - person in authority
    - person in custody
    - person in dispute
    - person in distress
    - person in law
    - person in possession
    - person in power
    - person in question
    - person liable to actions
    - person of defective intellect
    - person of foreign birth
    - person of foreign descent
    - person of incidence
    - person of law
    - person of no fixed abode
    - person of shady reputation
    - person of sound mind
    - person of unsound mind
    - person of weak mind
    - person on probation
    - person on relief
    - person on remand
    - person on trial
    - person on trial for a crime
    - person pending trial
    - person presenting a candidate
    - person proceeded against
    - person representing power
    - person set in authority
    - person threatened
    - person under arrest
    - person under investigation
    - person under sentence
    - person under sentence of death
    - person under supervision
    - person with a criminal past
    - person with a criminal record
    - person's dwelling place

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > person

  • 6 risk

    risk
    1. noun
    ((a person, thing etc which causes or could cause) danger or possible loss or injury: He thinks we shouldn't go ahead with the plan because of the risks involved / because of the risk of failure.) riesgo

    2. verb
    1) (to expose to danger; to lay open to the possibility of loss: He would risk his life for his friend; He risked all his money on betting on that horse.) arriesgar
    2) (to take the chance of (something bad happening): He was willing to risk death to save his friend; I'd better leave early as I don't want to risk being late for the play.) arriesgar(se)
    - at a person's own risk
    - at own risk
    - at risk
    - at the risk of
    - run/take the risk of
    - run/take the risk
    - take risks / take a risk

    risk1 n riesgo
    to take a risk correr un riesgo / arriesgarse
    risk2 vb arriesgar
    tr[rɪsk]
    1 riesgo, peligro
    1 arriesgar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to put something at risk poner algo en riesgo
    to risk doing something correr el riesgo de hacer algo
    to risk one's neck jugarse el tipo
    to run a risk correr un riesgo
    to take a risk correr un riesgo
    risk ['rɪsk] vt
    : arriesgar
    risk n
    : riesgo m, peligro m
    at risk: en peligro
    at your own risk: por su cuenta y riesgo
    n.
    albur s.m.
    aventura s.f.
    despeñadero s.m.
    exposición s.f.
    peligro s.m.
    riesgo s.m.
    vaivén s.m.
    v.
    arriesgar v.
    arriscar v.
    aventurar v.
    exponerse a v.
    jugar v.

    I rɪsk
    a) c u ( danger) riesgo m

    is there any risk of the bomb exploding? — ¿hay algún peligro de que estalle la bomba?

    there's no risk of anyone knowing you hereno hay riesgo or peligro de que alguien te conozca aquí

    at the risk of -ing — a riesgo de + inf

    those most at risk from the diseaselos que corren mayor riesgo or peligro de contraer la enfermedad

    at one's own riskpor su (or mi etc) cuenta y riesgo, bajo su (or mi etc) propia responsabilidad

    to take risks — arriesgarse, correr riesgos

    he runs the risk of being arrestedcorre el riesgo or peligro de que lo detengan

    b) ( Fin) riesgo m

    to be a good/bad risk — constituir* un riesgo aceptable/inaceptable


    II
    a) ( put in danger) arriesgar*, poner* en peligro
    b) ( expose oneself to) arriesgarse* a, correr el riesgo de

    are you going to take your umbrella? - no, I think I'll risk it — ¿vas a llevar el paraguas? - no, creo que me voy a arriesgar

    to risk -ING — arriesgarse* a or correr el riesgo de + inf

    [rɪsk]
    1. N
    1) (gen) riesgo m

    a health/security risk — un peligro para la salud/la seguridad

    at risk, the children most at risk — los niños que corren más riesgo or peligro

    up to 25,000 jobs are at risk — hay hasta 25.000 trabajos que peligran or que están en peligro

    at the risk ofa riesgo de

    at the risk of one's life — con peligro de su vida, arriesgando la vida

    there is no risk of his coming or that he will come — no hay peligro de que venga

    there is little risk of infectionel riesgo or peligro de infección es pequeño

    at one's own risk — por su cuenta y riesgo

    at (the) owner's risk — bajo la responsabilidad del dueño

    you run the risk of being dismissed — corres el riesgo de que te despidan

    I can't take the risk — no me puedo exponer or arriesgar a eso, no puedo correr ese riesgo

    calculated
    2) (Econ, Insurance) riesgo m

    insured against all risks — asegurado contra or a todo riesgo

    a bad/ good risk, you may be turned down as a bad risk — puede que te rechacen por constituir un riesgo inadmisible

    all-risks, high-risk, low-risk
    2. VT
    1) (=put at risk) arriesgar, poner en peligro

    she risked her life for me/to save me — arriesgó su vida por mí/por rescatarme, puso en peligro su vida por mí/por rescatarme

    I'm risking my job by saying this — estoy arriesgando or poniendo en peligro el puesto al decir esto

    he risked all his savings on the project — arriesgó todos sus ahorros en el proyecto

    life, neck
    2) (=run the risk of) correr el riesgo de, arriesgarse a

    I don't want to risk another accidentno quiero correr el riesgo de or arriesgarme a or exponerme a otro accidente

    to risk losing/being caught — correr el riesgo de perder/ser cogido, arriesgarse a perder/ser cogido

    3) (=venture, take a chance on) arriesgarse a

    shall we risk it? — ¿nos arriesgamos?

    I'll risk it — me arriesgo, me voy a arriesgar

    3.
    CPD

    risk assessment Nevaluación f de riesgos

    risk aversion Naversión f al riesgo

    risk capital Ncapital m riesgo

    risk factor Nfactor m de riesgo

    smoking is a risk factor for or in heart disease — fumar constituye un factor de riesgo en las enfermedades cardíacas

    risk management Ngestión f de riesgos

    * * *

    I [rɪsk]
    a) c u ( danger) riesgo m

    is there any risk of the bomb exploding? — ¿hay algún peligro de que estalle la bomba?

    there's no risk of anyone knowing you hereno hay riesgo or peligro de que alguien te conozca aquí

    at the risk of -ing — a riesgo de + inf

    those most at risk from the diseaselos que corren mayor riesgo or peligro de contraer la enfermedad

    at one's own riskpor su (or mi etc) cuenta y riesgo, bajo su (or mi etc) propia responsabilidad

    to take risks — arriesgarse, correr riesgos

    he runs the risk of being arrestedcorre el riesgo or peligro de que lo detengan

    b) ( Fin) riesgo m

    to be a good/bad risk — constituir* un riesgo aceptable/inaceptable


    II
    a) ( put in danger) arriesgar*, poner* en peligro
    b) ( expose oneself to) arriesgarse* a, correr el riesgo de

    are you going to take your umbrella? - no, I think I'll risk it — ¿vas a llevar el paraguas? - no, creo que me voy a arriesgar

    to risk -ING — arriesgarse* a or correr el riesgo de + inf

    English-spanish dictionary > risk

  • 7 risk

    1. noun
    1) (hazard) Gefahr, die; (chance taken) Risiko, das

    there is a/no risk of somebody's doing something or that somebody will do something — es besteht die/keine Gefahr, dass jemand etwas tut

    at one's own riskauf eigene Gefahr od. eigenes Risiko

    put at risk — gefährden; in Gefahr bringen

    run the risk of doing something — Gefahr laufen, etwas zu tun; (knowingly) es riskieren, etwas zu tun

    take the risk of doing something — es riskieren, etwas zu tun; das Risiko eingehen, etwas zu tun

    he is a poor/good risk — bei ihm ist das Risiko groß/gering

    2. transitive verb
    riskieren; wagen [Sprung, Kampf]

    you'll risk losing your jobdu riskierst es, deinen Job zu verlieren

    I'll risk it! — ich lasse es drauf ankommen; ich riskiere es

    risk one's life — sein Leben riskieren; (thoughtlessly) sein Leben aufs Spiel setzen

    * * *
    [risk] 1. noun
    ((a person, thing etc which causes or could cause) danger or possible loss or injury: He thinks we shouldn't go ahead with the plan because of the risks involved / because of the risk of failure.) das Risiko
    2. verb
    1) (to expose to danger; to lay open to the possibility of loss: He would risk his life for his friend; He risked all his money on betting on that horse.) riskieren
    2) (to take the chance of (something bad happening): He was willing to risk death to save his friend; I'd better leave early as I don't want to risk being late for the play.) riskieren
    - academic.ru/62540/risky">risky
    - at a person's own risk
    - at own risk
    - at risk
    - at the risk of
    - run/take the risk of
    - run/take the risk
    - take risks / take a risk
    * * *
    [rɪsk]
    I. n
    1. (hazard) Risiko nt
    at the \risk of doing sth auf die Gefahr hin, etw zu tun
    at the \risk of seeming rude, I'm afraid I have to leave now auch wenn es vielleicht unhöflich erscheinen mag, ich fürchte, ich muss jetzt gehen
    fire \risk Brandgefahr f
    \risk to health Gesundheitsrisiko nt, Gefahr f für die Gesundheit
    at the \risk of one's life unter Einsatz seines Lebens
    at owner's \risk auf Gefahr des Eigentümers
    safety [or security] \risk Sicherheitsrisiko nt
    bad [or high] /good [or low] \risk hohes/geringes Risiko
    the company is quite a good \risk das Unternehmen hat eine recht gute Bonität
    he is a bad \risk bei ihm besteht ein hohes Schadensrisiko
    financial \risk finanzielles Risiko
    negligible \risk vernachlässigbares Risiko
    at one's own \risk auf eigenes Risiko
    to be worth the \risk das Risiko wert sein
    to take [or run] a \risk ein Risiko eingehen, etw riskieren
    to be at \risk einem Risiko ausgesetzt sein
    they are a minority at \risk sie sind eine gefährdete Minderheit
    \risk risk risikolos
    2. (insurance policy) Risiko nt, Gefahr f, Gefährdung f
    fire \risk Feuergefahr f
    II. n modifier (analysis, factor) Risiko-
    III. vt
    to \risk sth etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen]
    to \risk doing sth riskieren [o es wagen], etw zu tun
    to \risk one's life [or ( fam) neck] sein Leben [o fam Kopf und Kragen] riskieren
    to \risk life and limb Leib und Leben riskieren
    * * *
    [rɪsk]
    1. n
    1) Risiko nt; (in cpds) -gefahr f

    health/war risk — Gesundheits-/Kriegsgefahr f

    risk of infectionInfektionsrisiko nt, Ansteckungsgefahr f

    to take or run risks/a risk — Risiken/ein Risiko eingehen

    to take or run the risk of doing sth — das Risiko eingehen, etw zu tun

    you('ll) run the risk of losing a lot of money — Sie laufen dabei Gefahr, eine Menge Geld zu verlieren

    there is no risk of his coming or that he will come — es besteht keine Gefahr, dass er kommt

    at one's own risk —

    goods sent at sender's riskWarenversand m auf Risiko des Senders

    "cars parked at owners' risk" — "Parken auf eigene Gefahr"

    at the risk of seeming stupid — auf die Gefahr hin, dumm zu scheinen

    2) (INSUR) Risiko nt

    fire risk —

    to be a good/bad (credit) risk (Fin) — eine gute/schlechte Bonität haben

    See:
    security risk
    2. vt
    1) career, future, reputation, savings, life riskieren, aufs Spiel setzen → neck
    See:
    neck
    2) defeat, quarrel, accident riskieren; (= venture) criticism, remark wagen, riskieren

    to risk sb's wrath — riskieren, dass jd sehr erzürnt ist

    you'll risk falling/losing your job — Sie riskieren dabei, hinzufallen/Ihre Stelle zu verlieren

    she won't risk coming today —

    I'll risk it — das riskiere ich, ich lasse es darauf ankommen

    * * *
    risk [rısk]
    A s
    1. Wagnis n, Gefahr f, Risiko n ( alle:
    to für):
    risk of infection Infektionsgefahr, -risiko;
    at all risks ohne Rücksicht auf Verluste;
    at one’s own risk auf eigene Gefahr, auf eigenes Risiko;
    at the risk of one’s life unter Lebensgefahr, unter Einsatz seines Lebens;
    at the risk of (ger) auf die Gefahr hin zu (inf);
    a) gefährdet oder in Gefahr sein,
    b) auf dem Spiel stehen;
    be at risk from Aids aidsgefährdet sein;
    put at risk gefährden;
    be at ( oder run the) risk of doing sth Gefahr laufen, etwas zu tun;
    run ( oder take) a risk ein Risiko eingehen oder auf sich nehmen;
    not take too many risks nicht zu viel riskieren;
    risk factor Risikofaktor m;
    risk group Risikogruppe f; calculated 1, carry B 6, security risk
    2. WIRTSCH
    a) Risiko n, (Verlust)Gefahr f
    b) versichertes Wagnis (Ware oder Person)
    c) auch amount at risk Risikosumme f:
    risk capital Risikokapital n
    B v/t
    1. riskieren:
    a) aufs Spiel setzen:
    risk one’s life (trying to do sth) sein Leben riskieren (bei dem Versuch, etwas zu tun); neck Bes Redew
    b) einen Sprung etc wagen
    2. einen Verlust, eine Verletzung etc riskieren, es ankommen lassen auf (akk):
    risk losing one’s job seinen Arbeitsplatz riskieren
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (hazard) Gefahr, die; (chance taken) Risiko, das

    there is a/no risk of somebody's doing something or that somebody will do something — es besteht die/keine Gefahr, dass jemand etwas tut

    at one's own riskauf eigene Gefahr od. eigenes Risiko

    put at risk — gefährden; in Gefahr bringen

    run the risk of doing something — Gefahr laufen, etwas zu tun; (knowingly) es riskieren, etwas zu tun

    take the risk of doing something — es riskieren, etwas zu tun; das Risiko eingehen, etwas zu tun

    he is a poor/good risk — bei ihm ist das Risiko groß/gering

    2. transitive verb
    riskieren; wagen [Sprung, Kampf]

    you'll risk losing your job — du riskierst es, deinen Job zu verlieren

    I'll risk it! — ich lasse es drauf ankommen; ich riskiere es

    risk one's life — sein Leben riskieren; (thoughtlessly) sein Leben aufs Spiel setzen

    * * *
    n.
    Risiko -en n.
    Wagnis -se n. v.
    riskieren v.
    sich wagen v.
    wagen v.

    English-german dictionary > risk

  • 8 high

    1. adjective
    1) (at, from, or reaching up to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: a high mountain; a high dive; a dive from the high diving-board.) alto
    2) (having a particular height: This building is about 20 metres high; My horse is fifteen hands high.) de altura
    3) (great; large; considerable: The car was travelling at high speed; He has a high opinion of her work; They charge high prices; high hopes; The child has a high fever/temperature.) alto; elevado; grande
    4) (most important; very important: the high altar in a church; Important criminal trials are held at the High Court; a high official.) mayor; supremo; alto
    5) (noble; good: high ideals.) bueno, noble
    6) ((of a wind) strong: The wind is high tonight.) fuerte
    7) ((of sounds) at or towards the top of a (musical) range: a high note.) alto
    8) ((of voices) like a child's voice (rather than like a man's): He still speaks in a high voice.) agudo
    9) ((of food, especially meat) beginning to go bad.) pasado
    10) (having great value: Aces and kings are high cards.) importante; de gran valor

    2. adverb
    (at, or to, a great distance from ground-level, sea-level etc: The plane was flying high in the sky; He'll rise high in his profession.) alto
    - highness
    - high-chair
    - high-class
    - higher education
    - high fidelity
    - high-handed
    - high-handedly
    - high-handedness
    - high jump
    - highlands
    - high-level
    - highlight

    3. verb
    (to draw particular attention to (a person, thing etc).) destacar, hacer resaltar, poner de relieve
    - high-minded
    - high-mindedness
    - high-pitched
    - high-powered
    - high-rise
    - highroad
    - high school
    - high-spirited
    - high spirits
    - high street
    - high-tech

    4. adjective
    ((also hi-tech): high-tech industries.) de alta tecnología, de tecnología punta
    - high treason
    - high water
    - highway
    - Highway Code
    - highwayman
    - high wire
    - high and dry
    - high and low
    - high and mighty
    - the high seas
    - it is high time

    high adj
    1. alto
    it is over 29,000 feet high tiene más de 29.000 pies de altura
    2. fuerte
    3. agudo
    tr[haɪ]
    1 alto,-a
    how high is that mountain? ¿qué altura tiene aquella montaña?
    2 (elevated, intense) alto,-a, elevado,-a
    3 (important) alto,-a, importante; (strong) fuerte
    4 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL alto,-a
    5 (very good) bueno,-a,
    6 (going rotten - food) pasado,-a; (- game) manido,-a
    7 (of time) pleno,-a
    8 slang (on drugs) flipado,-a, colocado,-a
    1 alto
    1 punto máximo, récord nombre masculino
    2 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL zona de alta presión, anticiclón nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in for the high jump familiar tener los días contados
    to be in high spirits estar de buen humor
    to be on a high sentirse muy bien
    to fly high (bird, plane) volar alto, volar a gran altura 2 (person) picar alto
    to have friends in high places estar muy bien relacionado,-a
    to leave somebody high and dry dejar plantado,-a a alguien
    to search high and low for something buscar algo por todas partes
    high chair silla alta
    High Commissioner Alto Comisario, Alto Comisionado
    High Court Tribunal nombre masculino Supremo
    high jump SMALLSPORT/SMALL salto de altura
    high road carretera principal
    high season temporada alta
    high school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de entre 11 y 18 años) 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de entre 15 y 18 años)
    high tea merienda-cena
    the high life la buena vida
    the High Street la Calle Mayor
    high ['haɪ] adv
    : alto
    high adj
    1) tall: alto
    a high wall: una pared alta
    2) elevated: alto, elevado
    high prices: precios elevados
    high blood pressure: presión alta
    3) great, important: grande, importante, alto
    a high number: un número grande
    high society: alta sociedad
    high hopes: grandes esperanzas
    4) : alto (en música)
    5) intoxicated: borracho, drogado
    high n
    1) : récord m, punto m máximo
    to reach an all-time high: batir el récord
    2) : zona f de alta presión (en meteorología)
    3) or high gear : directa f
    4)
    on high : en las alturas
    adj.
    alto, -a adj.
    atiplado, -a adj.
    de altura adj.
    elevado, -a adj.
    eminente adj.
    empinado, -a adj.
    encandilado, -a adj.
    encumbrado, -a adj.
    manido, -a adj.
    mayor adj.
    prócer adj.
    subido, -a adj.
    sumo, -a adj.
    superior adj.
    n.
    alta presión s.f.
    marcha directa s.f.

    I haɪ
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( tall) <building/wall/mountain> alto

    how high is it? — ¿qué altura tiene?

    b) ( high up) <window/balcony> alto; < plateau> elevado

    high cheekbonespómulos mpl salientes

    c) ( in status) <office/rank/officials> alto
    d) (morally, ethically) <ideals/principles/aims> elevado
    e) ( in pitch) < voice> agudo; < note> alto
    2)
    a) (considerable, greater than usual) <temperature/speed/pressure> alto; < wind> fuerte

    to have a high color — ( permanently) ser* rubicundo; ( because of a fever) estar* muy colorado or rojo

    to pay a high price for something — pagar* algo muy caro

    to be high in vitamins/proteins — ser* rico en vitaminas/proteínas

    b) (good, favorable)
    3)
    a) (Lit, Theat)

    a moment of high comedy/drama — un momento comiquísimo/muy dramático

    b) ( climactic) culminante
    4)
    a) (happy, excited)

    we had a high old time — (colloq) lo pasamos estupendamente

    b) ( intoxicated) (colloq) drogado, colocado (Esp fam)

    to be/get high on something — estar* drogado or (Esp tb) colocado/drogarse* or (Esp tb) colocarse* con algo (fam)

    5) ( of time)
    6) < meat> pasado; < game> que tiene un olor fuerte

    II
    adverb -er, -est
    a) < fly> alto

    high up — arriba, en lo alto

    to aim high\<\<marksman\>\> apuntar alto; \<\<ambitious person\>\> picar* alto

    to search o hunt o look high and low (for something) — remover* cielo y tierra (para encontrar algo)

    b) ( in pitch) < sing> alto
    c) (in amount, degree)

    how high are you prepared to bid? — ¿hasta cuánto estás dispuesto a pujar or ofrecer?


    III
    1)
    a) c ( level) récord m
    b) u

    on high — ( in heaven) en las alturas; ( high above) en lo alto

    2) c ( Meteo) ( anticyclone) zona f de altas presiones; ( high temperature) máxima f
    3) c ( euphoria) (colloq) ( from drugs) viaje m (fam), colocón m (Esp fam); ( for other reasons)
    4) u ( top gear) (AmE Auto) (no art) directa f
    5) c ( high school) (AmE colloq) cole m (fam) ( secundario)
    [haɪ]
    1. ADJ
    (compar higher) (superl highest)
    1) (=tall, elevated) [building, mountain] alto; [plateau] elevado; [altitude] grande

    the ceilings are very high — los techos son muy altos

    high cheekbonespómulos mpl salientes

    he has a high foreheadtiene la frente muy ancha

    how high is Ben Nevis/that tree? — ¿qué altura tiene el Ben Nevis/ese árbol?

    economic reform is high on the agenda — la reforma económica figura entre los asuntos más importantes a tratar

    the river is high — el río está crecido

    I've known her since she was so high *la conozco desde que era así (de pequeña)

    the sun was high in the sky — el sol daba de pleno

    the boats lay at the river's edge, high and dry — los botes estaban en la orilla del río, varados

    - leave sb high and dry
    2) (=considerable, great) [level, risk, rent, salary, principles] alto; [price, tax, number] alto, elevado; [speed] alto, gran; [quality] alto, bueno; [colour] subido; [complexion] (characteristically) rojizo; (temporarily) enrojecido; [wind] fuerte

    temperatures were in the high 80s — las temperaturas alcanzaron los ochenta y muchos, las temperaturas rondaron los 90 grados

    to have high blood pressure — tener la tensión alta, ser hipertenso

    his team was of the highest calibresu equipo era del más alto nivel

    to have high hopes of sth, I had high hopes of being elected — tenía muchas esperanzas de que me eligieran

    parsley is high in calcium — el perejil es rico en calcio

    to have a high opinion of sb — (=think highly of) tener muy buena opinión or concepto de algn; (=be fond of) tener a algn en alta estima

    to pay a high price for sth — (lit) pagar mucho dinero por algo; (fig) pagar algo muy caro

    to have a high temperature — tener mucha fiebre, tener una fiebre muy alta

    - have a high old time

    it's high time... *

    gear, priority, profile, spirit, stake, high 1., 4)
    3) (=important, superior) [rank, position, office] alto

    high and mighty, she's too high and mighty — es demasiado engreída

    she moves in the circles of the high and mighty — se mueve en círculos de los poderosos, se mueve en círculos de gente de mucho fuste pej

    high officialalto funcionario(-a) m / f

    - get up on one's high horse

    there's no need to get (up) on your high horse! — ¡no hace falta que te subas a la parra!

    - come down off or get off one's high horse

    in high places —

    4) (=high-pitched) [sound, note] alto; [voice] agudo

    on a high note —

    5) * (=intoxicated)

    to be high (on)[+ drink, drugs] estar colocado (de) *

    to get high (on)[+ drink, drugs] colocarse (de) *

    she was high on her latest successestaba encantada or entusiasmada con su último éxito

    - be as high as a kite
    6) (Culin) (=mature) [game, cheese] que huele fuerte; (=rotten) [meat] pasado
    2. ADV
    (compar higher) (superl highest)
    1) (in height) [fly, rise] a gran altura

    high above, an eagle circled high above — un águila circulaba en las alturas

    the town is perched high above the river — el pueblo está en un alto, sobre el río

    to run high — [sea] estar embravecido; [river] estar crecido

    high up, his farm was high up in the mountains — su granja estaba en lo alto de las montañas

    - hold one's head up high
    - live high on the hog
    - hunt or search high and low for sth/sb
    aim, fly, head 1., 1), stand 3., 5)
    2) (in degree, number, strength)

    the bidding went as high as £500 — las ofertas llegaron hasta 500 libras

    3. N
    1)

    on high(=in heaven) en el cielo, en las alturas

    there's been a new directive from on high — (fig) ha habido una nueva directriz de arriba

    2) (=peak)
    - be on a high
    3) (Econ) máximo m

    the Dow Jones index reached a high of 2503 — el índice de Dow Jones alcanzó un máximo de 2.503

    4) (Met) zona f de altas presiones; (esp US) temperatura f máxima
    5) (US) (Aut) (=top gear) directa f
    4.
    CPD

    high altar Naltar m mayor

    high beam N (US) (Aut) —

    high camp N — (Theat) amaneramiento m

    high chair Nsilla f alta (para niño), trona f (Sp)

    High Church Nsector de la Iglesia Anglicana muy cercano a la liturgia y ritos católicos

    high comedy N — (Theat) comedia f de costumbres

    it was high comedy — (fig) era de lo más cómico

    high command N — (Mil) alto mando m

    high commission N(=international body) alto comisionado m; (=embassy) embajada f (que representa a uno de los países de la Commonwealth en otro)

    high commissioner N[of international body] alto comisario(-a) m / f; (=ambassador) embajador(a) m / f (de un país de la Commonwealth en otro)

    High Court N — (Jur) Tribunal m Supremo

    high-definition

    high dependency unit N — (Med) unidad f de alta dependencia

    high diving Nsaltos mpl de trampolín de gran altura

    high explosive Nexplosivo m de gran potencia; high-explosive

    high five, high-five Nchoque m de cinco

    to give sb a high five — chocar los cinco con algn

    high flier N

    he's a high flier — es ambicioso, tiene talento y promete

    high ground N (fig) —

    they believe they have or occupy the moral high ground in this conflict — creen que tienen moralmente la razón de su parte en este conflicto

    high hat Nsombrero m de copa, cilindro * m; high-hat

    high heels NPL(=heels) tacones mpl altos; (=shoes) zapatos mpl de tacón

    high jinks * NPLjolgorio msing, jarana f

    high jump N — (Sport) salto m de altura

    high jumper N — (Sport) saltador(a) m / f de altura

    the high life N (gen) la buena vida; (in high society) la vida de la buena sociedad

    High Mass Nmisa f mayor

    high noon N(=midday) mediodía m; (fig) (=peak) apogeo m; (=critical point) momento m crucial

    high point N[of show, evening] punto m culminante, clímax m inv ; [of visit, holiday] lo más destacado; [of career] punto m culminante, cenit m

    to throw or bring sth into high relief — (fig) poner algo de relieve

    high road N(esp Brit) carretera f

    the high road to success/disaster — el camino directo al éxito/desastre

    high roller N(US) (gen) derrochón(-ona) m / f; (gambling) jugador(a) m / f empedernido*

    high school N(US, Brit) instituto m de enseñanza secundaria, liceo m (LAm)

    junior high (school)(US) instituto donde se imparten los dos primeros años de bachillerato

    high school diploma N(US) bachillerato m

    high school graduate N(US) bachiller mf

    the high seas NPLalta mar fsing

    high season Ntemporada f alta

    high season prices/rates — precios mpl /tarifas fpl de temporada alta

    high sign Nseña f (acordada)

    high spot N[of show, evening] punto m culminante, clímax m inv ; [of visit, holiday] lo más destacado; [of career] punto m culminante, cenit m

    high stakes NPL

    - play for high stakes

    high street Ncalle f mayor, calle f principal

    high street banksbancos mpl principales

    high street shopstiendas fpl de la calle principal

    high summer Npleno verano m, pleno estío m

    high table N (gen) mesa f principal, mesa f presidencial; (Univ, Scol) mesa f de los profesores

    high tea N(Brit) merienda-cena f (que se toma acompañada de té)

    high tide Npleamar f, marea f alta

    at high tide — en la pleamar, en marea alta

    high water Npleamar f, marea f alta

    high-water mark

    high wire Ncuerda f floja

    high wire act Nnúmero m en la cuerda floja, número m de funambulismo

    HIGH SCHOOL En Estados Unidos las high schools son los institutos donde los adolescentes de 15 a 18 años realizan la educación secundaria, que dura tres cursos ( grades), desde el noveno hasta el duodécimo año de la enseñanza; al final del último curso se realiza un libro conmemorativo con fotos de los alumnos y profesores de ese año Yearbook y los alumnos reciben el diploma de high school en una ceremonia formal de graduación. Estos centros suelen ser un tema frecuente en las películas y programas de televisión estadounidenses en los que se resalta mucho el aspecto deportivo - sobre todo el fútbol americano y el baloncesto - además de algunos acontecimientos sociales como el baile de fin de curso, conocido como Senior Prom.
    See:
    * * *

    I [haɪ]
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( tall) <building/wall/mountain> alto

    how high is it? — ¿qué altura tiene?

    b) ( high up) <window/balcony> alto; < plateau> elevado

    high cheekbonespómulos mpl salientes

    c) ( in status) <office/rank/officials> alto
    d) (morally, ethically) <ideals/principles/aims> elevado
    e) ( in pitch) < voice> agudo; < note> alto
    2)
    a) (considerable, greater than usual) <temperature/speed/pressure> alto; < wind> fuerte

    to have a high color — ( permanently) ser* rubicundo; ( because of a fever) estar* muy colorado or rojo

    to pay a high price for something — pagar* algo muy caro

    to be high in vitamins/proteins — ser* rico en vitaminas/proteínas

    b) (good, favorable)
    3)
    a) (Lit, Theat)

    a moment of high comedy/drama — un momento comiquísimo/muy dramático

    b) ( climactic) culminante
    4)
    a) (happy, excited)

    we had a high old time — (colloq) lo pasamos estupendamente

    b) ( intoxicated) (colloq) drogado, colocado (Esp fam)

    to be/get high on something — estar* drogado or (Esp tb) colocado/drogarse* or (Esp tb) colocarse* con algo (fam)

    5) ( of time)
    6) < meat> pasado; < game> que tiene un olor fuerte

    II
    adverb -er, -est
    a) < fly> alto

    high up — arriba, en lo alto

    to aim high\<\<marksman\>\> apuntar alto; \<\<ambitious person\>\> picar* alto

    to search o hunt o look high and low (for something) — remover* cielo y tierra (para encontrar algo)

    b) ( in pitch) < sing> alto
    c) (in amount, degree)

    how high are you prepared to bid? — ¿hasta cuánto estás dispuesto a pujar or ofrecer?


    III
    1)
    a) c ( level) récord m
    b) u

    on high — ( in heaven) en las alturas; ( high above) en lo alto

    2) c ( Meteo) ( anticyclone) zona f de altas presiones; ( high temperature) máxima f
    3) c ( euphoria) (colloq) ( from drugs) viaje m (fam), colocón m (Esp fam); ( for other reasons)
    4) u ( top gear) (AmE Auto) (no art) directa f
    5) c ( high school) (AmE colloq) cole m (fam) ( secundario)

    English-spanish dictionary > high

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 record

    1. transitive verb

    record a new LP — eine neue LP aufnehmen

    record something in a book/painting — etwas in einem Buch/auf einem Gemälde festhalten

    2) (register officially) dokumentieren; protokollieren [Verhandlung]
    2. intransitive verb
    aufzeichnen; (on tape) Tonbandaufnahmen/eine Tonbandaufnahme machen
    3. noun
    1)

    be on record[Prozess, Verhandlung, Besprechung:] protokolliert sein

    it is on record that... — es ist dokumentiert, dass...

    2) (report) Protokoll, das; (Law): (official report) [Gerichts]akte, die
    3) (document) Dokument, das; (piece of evidence) Zeugnis, das; Beleg, der

    just for the record — der Vollständigkeit halber; (iron.) nur der Ordnung halber

    [strictly] off the record — [ganz] inoffiziell

    get or keep or put or set the record straight — keine Missverständnisse aufkommen lassen

    4) (disc for gramophone) [Schall]platte, die
    5) (facts of somebody's/something's past) Ruf, der

    have a good record [of achievements] — gute Leistungen vorweisen können

    have a [criminal/police] record — vorbestraft sein

    6) (best performance) Rekord, der

    break or beat the record — den Rekord brechen

    4. attributive adjective
    * * *
    1. ['reko:d, -kəd, ]( American[) -kərd] noun
    1) (a written report of facts, events etc: historical records; I wish to keep a record of everything that is said at this meeting.) die Aufzeichnung
    2) (a round flat piece of (usually black) plastic on which music etc is recorded: a record of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony.) die Platte
    3) ((in races, games, or almost any activity) the best performance so far; something which has never yet been beaten: He holds the record for the 1,000 metres; The record for the high jump was broken/beaten this afternoon; He claimed to have eaten fifty sausages in a minute and asked if this was a record; ( also adjective) a record score.) der Rekord, Rekord...
    4) (the collected facts from the past of a person, institution etc: This school has a very poor record of success in exams; He has a criminal record.) das Register
    2. [rə'ko:d] verb
    1) (to write a description of (an event, facts etc) so that they can be read in the future: The decisions will be recorded in the minutes of the meeting.) aufschreiben
    2) (to put (the sound of music, speech etc) on a record or tape so that it can be listened to in the future: I've recorded the whole concert; Don't make any noise when I'm recording.) aufnehmen
    3) ((of a dial, instrument etc) to show (a figure etc) as a reading: The thermometer recorded 30°C yesterday.) verzeichnen
    4) (to give or show, especially in writing: to record one's vote in an election.) abgeben
    - academic.ru/60784/recorder">recorder
    - recording
    - record-player
    - in record time
    - off the record
    - on record
    * * *
    rec·ord
    I. n
    [ˈrekɔ:d, AM -ɚd]
    1. (information) Aufzeichnungen pl, Unterlagen pl; (document) Akte f; of attendance Liste f; (minutes) Protokoll nt, Niederschrift f
    this summer has been the hottest on \record dieser Sommer war der heißeste, der jemals verzeichnet wurde
    the coach went on \record as saying... der Trainer äußerte sich öffentlich dahingehend, dass...
    to be a matter of [public] \record [offiziell] belegt [o dokumentiert] sein
    to keep \records (register) Buch führen; (list) eine Liste führen; historian Aufzeichnungen machen
    to keep a private \record of sth sich dat etw notieren
    for the \record (for the minutes) für das Protokoll; (as a matter of form) der Ordnung halber
    2. no pl (past history) Vorgeschichte f; of achievements bisherige Leistungen
    this applicant has the best \record dieser Bewerber hat die besten Voraussetzungen
    he's got a clean \record er hat sich nichts zuschulden kommen lassen; (no convictions) er ist nicht vorbestraft
    given Mr Smith's \record as a good credit risk, we can give him the loan in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass Herr Smith sich in der Vergangenheit bereits als kreditwürdig erwiesen hat, können wir ihm das Darlehen geben
    police \record Vorstrafen pl
    safety \record Sicherheitszeugnis nt
    criminal \record Vorstrafenregister nt
    dental \record zahnärztliche Unterlagen pl
    to have an excellent \record worker, employee ausgezeichnete Leistungen vorweisen können
    to have a good/bad \record einen guten/schlechten Ruf haben
    medical \record Krankenblatt nt
    3. (music) [Schall]platte f
    hit \record Hit m fam
    to change/play/put on a \record eine Platte umdrehen/spielen/auflegen
    to make [or cut] a \record eine [Schall]platte aufnehmen
    4. SPORT Rekord m
    Olympic \record olympischer Rekord
    world \record Weltrekord m
    to break [or beat] a \record einen Rekord brechen
    to hold a \record einen Rekord halten
    to set [or establish] a \record einen Rekord aufstellen
    5. LAW (court report) [Gerichts]protokoll nt, Gerichtsakte f
    a court of \record ein ordentliches Gericht
    6. COMPUT [Daten]satz m
    7.
    to put [or set] the \record straight für Klarheit sorgen, alle Missverständnisse aus dem Weg räumen
    to say sth on/off the \record etw offiziell/inoffiziell sagen
    strictly off the \record ganz im Vertrauen, streng vertraulich
    II. adj
    [ˈrekɔ:d, AM -ɚd]
    inv Rekord-
    \record crop/turnout/year Rekordernte f/-beteiligung f/-jahr nt
    to reach a \record high/low ein Rekordhoch/Rekordtief nt erreichen
    to do sth in \record time etw in Rekordzeit erledigen
    III. vt
    [rɪˈkɔ:d, AM -ˈkɔ:rd]
    hyphenate re·cord
    1. (store)
    to \record sth facts, events etw aufzeichnen [o festhalten]
    the temperature fell today, with -14°C being \recorded in some places die Temperaturen fielen heute, stellenweise wurden -14°C gemessen
    to \record a birth/a death/a marriage LAW eine Geburt/einen Todesfall/eine Heirat registrieren [o [ins Register] eintragen]
    to \record one's feelings/ideas/thoughts seine Gefühle/Ideen/Gedanken niederschreiben
    to \record sth in the minutes of a meeting etw in einem Sitzungsprotokoll vermerken
    to \record rotations/the speed/the temperature Umdrehungen/die Geschwindigkeit/die Temperatur anzeigen [o messen]
    the needle \recorded 50 mph die Nadel zeigte 80 km/h
    3. (for later reproduction)
    to \record sth FILM, MUS etw aufnehmen; event etw dokumentieren
    to \record a speech eine Rede aufzeichnen
    IV. vi
    [rɪˈkɔ:d, AM -ˈkɔ:rd]
    hyphenate re·cord (on tape, cassette) Aufnahmen machen, ÖSTERR aufnehmen; person eine Aufnahme machen; machine aufnehmen
    the VCR is \recording der Videorecorder nimmt gerade auf
    * * *
    [rɪ'kɔːd]
    1. vt
    1) facts, story, events (diarist, person) aufzeichnen; (documents, diary etc) dokumentieren; (in register) eintragen; (= keep minutes of) protokollieren; one's thoughts, feelings etc festhalten, niederschreiben; protest, disapproval zum Ausdruck bringen

    to record a verdict of accidental death —

    history records that... — es ist geschichtlich dokumentiert, dass...

    the author records that... — der Verfasser berichtet, dass...

    2) (thermometer, meter etc) verzeichnen, registrieren; (needle) aufzeichnen, registrieren
    3) (on tape, cassette etc) aufnehmen, aufzeichnen; (person) aufnehmen
    4) CD, DVD brennen
    2. vi
    (Tonband)aufnahmen machen

    he is recording at 5 o'clocker hat um 5 Uhr eine Aufnahme

    3. n
    ['rekɔːd]
    1) (= account) Aufzeichnung f; (of attendance) Liste f; (of meeting) Protokoll nt; (= official document) Unterlage f, Akte f; (lit, fig of the past, of civilization) Dokument nt

    (public) records — im Staatsarchiv gelagerte Urkunden

    a photographic record —

    to keep a record of sthüber etw (acc) Buch führen; (official, registrar) etw registrieren; (historian, chronicler) etw aufzeichnen

    it is on record that... — es gibt Belege dafür, dass...; (in files) es ist aktenkundig, dass...

    I'm prepared to go on record as saying that... — ich stehe zu der Behauptung, dass...

    he's on record as having said... — es ist belegt, dass er gesagt hat,...

    last night the PM went on record as saying... — gestern Abend hat sich der Premier dahin gehend geäußert, dass...

    there is no record of his having said it — es ist nirgends belegt, dass er es gesagt hat

    this is strictly off the recorddies ist nur inoffizell

    (strictly) off the record he did come — ganz im Vertrauen: er ist doch gekommen

    2) (= police record) Vorstrafen pl

    he's got a clean record, he hasn't got a record — er ist nicht vorbestraft

    3) (= history) Vorgeschichte f; (= achievements) Leistungen pl

    to have an excellent record —

    with a record like yours you should be able to handle this job — mit Ihren Voraussetzungen müssten Sie sich in dieser Stelle leicht zurechtfinden

    to have a good school record — ein guter Schüler/eine guter Schülerin sein

    to have a good safety record —

    to spoil one's recordes sich (dat) verderben, sich (dat) ein Minus einhandeln

    I've been looking at your record, Jones — ich habe mir Ihre Akte angesehen, Jones

    4) (MUS) (Schall)platte f; (= recording) (of voice, music etc) Aufnahme f; (of programme, speech) Aufzeichnung f, Aufnahme f

    long-jump record — Weitsprungrekord, Rekord im Weitsprung

    6) (on seismograph etc) Aufzeichnung f, Registrierung f
    7) (COMPUT in database) Datensatz m
    * * *
    record [rıˈkɔː(r)d]
    A v/t
    1. schriftlich niederlegen, aufzeichnen, -schreiben
    2. eintragen oder registrieren (lassen), erfassen, aufnehmen:
    recorded delivery Postwesen: Br Zustellung f gegen Empfangsbestätigung
    3. JUR beurkunden, protokollieren, zu Protokoll oder zu den Akten nehmen
    4. fig aufzeichnen, festhalten, (der Nachwelt) überliefern
    5. TECH
    a) Messwerte registrieren, aufzeichnen (beide auch Gerät)
    b) IT Daten aufzeichnen, registrieren
    6. a)(auf Tonband, Schallplatte etc, auch fotografisch) aufnehmen oder festhalten, eine Aufnahme machen von (oder gen), eine Sendung mitschneiden:
    record sth on tape auch etwas auf Band sprechen;
    recorded broadcast (RADIO, TV) Aufzeichnung f;
    the broadcast was recorded die Übertragung war eine Aufzeichnung
    b) ein Tonband etc bespielen
    c) eine CD brennen
    7. obs ein Lied singen (Vogel)
    8. seine Stimme abgeben
    9. obs bezeugen
    B v/i
    1. aufzeichnen (etc A)
    2. a) Aufnahmen machen
    b) sich gut etc aufnehmen lassen:
    C s record [ˈrekɔː(r)d; US besonders ˈrekərd]
    1. Aufzeichnung f, Niederschrift f:
    a)(geschichtlich etc) verzeichnet oder nachgewiesen, schriftlich belegt,
    b) C 4,
    c) das beste etc aller Zeiten, bisher;
    off the record inoffiziell;
    on the record offiziell;
    he hasn’t gone on record as showing a lot of initiative er hat sich bis jetzt nicht gerade durch viel Initiative hervorgetan;
    put ( oder set) the record straight die Dinge zurechtrücken;
    (just) to put the record straight (nur) um das einmal klarzustellen;
    just for the record (nur) um das einmal festzuhalten
    2. (schriftlicher) Bericht
    3. auch JUR Urkunde f, Dokument n, Unterlage f
    4. JUR
    a) Protokoll n, Niederschrift f
    b) (Gerichts)Akte f, Aktenstück n:
    on record aktenkundig, in den Akten;
    on the record of the case nach Aktenlage;
    go on record fig sich erklären oder festlegen;
    place on record aktenkundig machen, protokollieren;
    record office Archiv n
    5. a) Register n, Liste f, Verzeichnis n:
    keep a record Buch führen (of über akk)
    b) Strafregister n, weitS. Vorstrafen(register) pl(n):
    have a (criminal) record vorbestraft sein
    6. auch TECH Registrierung f, Aufzeichnung f
    7. a) Ruf m, Leumund m, Vergangenheit f:
    a bad record ein schlechter Ruf oder Leumund
    b) gute etc Leistung(en pl) (in der Vergangenheit):
    have a brilliant record as an executive hervorragende Leistungen als leitender Angestellter vorweisen können, auf eine glänzende Karriere als leitender Angestellter zurückblicken können
    8. fig Urkunde f, Zeugnis n:
    be a record of sth etwas bezeugen
    9. a) (Schall)Platte f:
    make a record eine Platte aufnehmen;
    put another record on! fig umg leg ‘ne andere Platte auf!
    b) (Band- etc) Aufnahme f, Aufzeichnung f, Mitschnitt m
    10. SPORT, auch weitS. Rekord m, Best-, Höchstleistung f
    D adj record [ˈrekɔː(r)d; US besonders ˈrekərd]
    1. SPORT etc Rekord…:
    record attempt ( oder attendance, jump, prices, etc);
    record high (low) WIRTSCH Rekordhoch n (Rekordtief n) (einer Währung etc);
    record holder Rekordhalter(in), -inhaber(in);
    record performance allg Spitzenleistung f;
    in record time in Rekordzeit
    2. (Schall)Platten…:
    record changer Plattenwechsler m;
    a) Plattensammlung f, -archiv n,
    b) besonders HIST Plattenverleih m;
    record player Plattenspieler m;
    record producer Plattenproduzent(in)
    rec. abk
    * * *
    1. transitive verb

    record something in a book/painting — etwas in einem Buch/auf einem Gemälde festhalten

    2) (register officially) dokumentieren; protokollieren [Verhandlung]
    2. intransitive verb
    aufzeichnen; (on tape) Tonbandaufnahmen/eine Tonbandaufnahme machen
    3. noun
    1)

    be on record[Prozess, Verhandlung, Besprechung:] protokolliert sein

    it is on record that... — es ist dokumentiert, dass...

    2) (report) Protokoll, das; (Law): (official report) [Gerichts]akte, die
    3) (document) Dokument, das; (piece of evidence) Zeugnis, das; Beleg, der

    just for the record — der Vollständigkeit halber; (iron.) nur der Ordnung halber

    [strictly] off the record — [ganz] inoffiziell

    get or keep or put or set the record straight — keine Missverständnisse aufkommen lassen

    4) (disc for gramophone) [Schall]platte, die
    5) (facts of somebody's/something's past) Ruf, der

    have a good record [of achievements] — gute Leistungen vorweisen können

    have a [criminal/police] record — vorbestraft sein

    6) (best performance) Rekord, der

    break or beat the record — den Rekord brechen

    4. attributive adjective
    * * *
    (music) n.
    Platte -n f.
    Schallplatte f. adj.
    aufzeichnet adj. n.
    Aufzeichnung f.
    Datensatz m.
    Rekord -e m.
    Rekordmarke f.
    Satz ¨-e m. v.
    aufnehmen v.
    aufzeichnen v.
    erfassen v.
    protokollieren v.
    registrieren v.

    English-german dictionary > record

  • 11 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 12 carry

    1. transitive verb
    1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

    carry all before one(fig.) nicht aufzuhalten sein

    2) (conduct) leiten

    carry something into effectetwas in die Tat umsetzen

    3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen
    4) (have with one)

    carry [with one] — bei sich haben od. tragen; tragen [Waffe, Kennzeichen]

    5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also academic.ru/15886/conviction">conviction 2)
    6) (hold)

    she carries herself wellsie hat eine gute Haltung

    7) (prolong)

    carry modesty/altruism etc. to excess — die Bescheidenheit/den Altruismus usw. bis zum Exzess treiben

    8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten

    carry oneeins im Sinn

    9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]

    carry the dayden Sieg davontragen

    2. intransitive verb
    [Stimme, Laut:] zu hören sein
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ['kæri]
    1) (to take from one place etc to another: She carried the child over the river; Flies carry disease.) tragen
    2) (to go from one place to another: Sound carries better over water.) reichen; übertragen
    3) (to support: These stone columns carry the weight of the whole building.) tragen
    4) (to have or hold: This job carries great responsibility.) mit sich bringen
    5) (to approve (a bill etc) by a majority of votes: The parliamentary bill was carried by forty-two votes.) durchsetzen
    6) (to hold (oneself) in a certain way: He carries himself like a soldier.) sich haben

    ((slang) a fuss; excited behaviour.)

    ((of bags or cases) that passengers can carry with them on board a plane.)

    - carry-all
    - carry-cot
    - be/get carried away
    - carry forward
    - carry off
    - carry on
    - carry out
    - carry weight
    * * *
    car·ry
    <- ie->
    [ˈkæri, AM ˈkeri]
    I. vt
    1. (bear)
    to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen
    to \carry sb piggyback jdn huckepack tragen
    to \carry sth around etw mit sich dat herumtragen
    2. (move)
    to \carry sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin tragen
    the wind carried the leaves up in the air der Wind wirbelte die Blätter hoch
    to be carried downstream/down the river flussabwärts treiben
    to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw transportieren [o befördern]
    the bus was \carrying our children to school der Bus brachte unsere Kinder zur Schule
    the truck was not \carrying a load der Lastwagen war nicht beladen
    the stranded ship was \carrying cargo das gestrandete Schiff hatte eine Ladung an Bord
    4. (sustain the weight of)
    to \carry sb/sth jdn/etw tragen
    I'm so tired my legs won't \carry me ich bin so müde, ich kann mich kaum mehr auf den Beinen halten
    5. (have with you)
    to \carry sth [with one] etw bei sich dat haben [o tragen]
    it's risky to \carry a knife/revolver [with you] es ist riskant, ein Messer/einen Revolver bei sich zu tragen
    she always carries a picture of her mother with her [in her wallet] sie hat immer ein Bild von ihrer Mutter [in ihrer Brieftasche] bei sich
    6. (retain)
    to \carry sth in one's head etw [im Kopf] behalten
    to \carry the memory of sth [with one] etw in Erinnerung behalten
    7. (have, incur)
    to \carry sth etw haben; (have printed on) etw tragen
    murder used to \carry the death penalty auf Mord stand früher die Todesstrafe
    all cigarette packets \carry a warning auf allen Zigarettenpäckchen steht eine Warnung
    to \carry conviction überzeugend sein
    his speech carried a lot of conviction seine Rede klang sehr überzeugt
    to \carry insurance versichert sein
    to \carry a penalty eine [Geld]strafe nach sich ziehen
    to \carry responsibility Verantwortung tragen
    her job carries a lot of responsibility ihre Stelle bringt viel Verantwortung mit sich, sie trägt in ihrem Job viel Verantwortung
    to \carry sail NAUT Segel gesetzt haben
    to \carry weight with sb (influence) Einfluss auf jdn haben; (impress) jdn beeindrucken
    to \carry sth etw enthalten
    9. MUS
    to \carry a tune eine Melodie halten [können]
    10. (transmit)
    to \carry sth etw übertragen
    to \carry electricity/oil/water Strom/Erdöl/Wasser leiten
    11. MED
    to \carry sth etw übertragen
    malaria is carried by mosquitoes Malaria wird von Stechmücken übertragen
    to \carry sb für jdn aufkommen
    to \carry sth etw tragen; (sustain)
    to \carry an animal through the winter ein Tier über den Winter bringen
    the company is currently being carried by its export sales die Firma wird im Moment durch ihre Exporte getragen
    we cannot afford to \carry people who don't work hard Leute, die nicht hart arbeiten, sind für uns nicht tragbar
    many animals store food in autumn to \carry them through the winter viele Tier sammeln im Herbst Futter um damit durch den Winter zu kommen
    13. (have a certain posture, conduct)
    to \carry oneself:
    you can tell she's a dancer from the way that she carries herself an ihrer Haltung erkennt man gleich, dass sie Tänzerin ist
    to \carry one's head high ( fig) den Kopf hoch tragen fig
    to \carry oneself well sich akk gut halten; (posture also) eine gute Haltung haben
    14. (sell) shop
    to \carry sth etw führen
    15. (win)
    to \carry sb jdn auf seine Seite ziehen
    to \carry sth:
    the president carried most of the southern states der Präsident gewann in den meisten südlichen Bundesstaaten die Wahl
    to \carry the day den Sieg davontragen
    the party's popular plans will surely \carry the day at the next election mit ihren populären Vorhaben wird die Partei die nächsten Wahlen bestimmt für sich entscheiden
    16. usu passive (approve)
    to \carry sth etw dat zustimmen
    his motion was carried unanimously/by 210 votes to 160 sein Antrag wurde einstimmig/mit 210 zu 160 Stimmen angenommen
    17. JOURN
    to \carry sth über etw akk berichten, etw bringen fam
    the newspapers all \carry the same story on their front page die Zeitungen warten alle mit der gleichen Titelstory auf
    18. (develop)
    to \carry sth too far mit etw dat zu weit gehen
    to \carry sb's ideas further jds Ideen weiterentwickeln
    to \carry sth to sth etw zu etw dat führen
    to \carry an argument to its [logical] conclusion ein Argument [bis zum Schluss] durchdenken
    to \carry sth to an end etw zu Ende führen
    to \carry sth to extremes [or its limits] etw bis zum Exzess treiben
    to \carry the joke too far den Spaß zu weit treiben
    19. MATH
    to \carry a number (on paper) eine Zahl übertragen; (in one's head) eine Zahl [im Sinn] behalten
    3, \carry 1 3, behalte 1 [o 1 im Sinn
    20. (be pregnant)
    to \carry a child ein Kind erwarten, schwanger sein
    when I was \carrying Rajiv als ich mit Rajiv schwanger war
    21. (submit)
    to \carry one's complaints to sb jdm seine Beschwerden vortragen
    22. FIN
    to \carry interest Zinsen abwerfen
    the bonds \carry interest at 10% die Wertpapiere werfen 10 % Zinsen ab
    23.
    to \carry all before one/it (be successful) vollen Erfolg haben; ( hum: have big breasts) viel Holz vor der Hütte haben hum
    to have to \carry the can BRIT ( fam) die Sache ausbaden müssen fam
    to \carry a torch for sb ( fam) jdn anhimmeln fam
    II. vi
    1. (be audible) zu hören sein
    the actors' voices carried right to the back die Darsteller waren bis in die letzte Reihe zu hören
    2. (fly) fliegen
    the ball carried high into the air der Ball flog hoch in die Luft
    III. n FIN Kreditkosten pl
    positive/negative \carry finanzieller Gewinn/Verlust
    * * *
    ['krɪ]
    1. vt
    1) load, person, object tragen; message (über)bringen
    2) (vehicle = convey) befördern; goods also transportieren

    a boat carrying missiles to Cuba —

    the wind carried the sound to himder Wind trug die Laute zu ihm hin or an sein Ohr

    3) (= have on person) documents, money bei sich haben or führen (form); gun, sword tragen
    4) (fig)

    he carried his audience (along) with himer riss das Publikum mit, er begeisterte das Publikum

    the loan carries 5% interest — das Darlehen wird mit 5% verzinst

    this job carries extra pay/a lot of responsibility — dieser Posten bringt eine höhere Bezahlung/viel Verantwortung mit sich

    the offence carries a penalty of £50 — auf dies Vergehen or darauf steht eine Geldstrafe von £ 50

    5) (bridge etc = support) tragen, stützen
    6) (COMM) goods, stock führen, (auf Lager) haben
    7) (TECH pipe) water, oil, electricity führen; (wire) sound (weiter)leiten, übertragen
    8) (= extend) führen, (ver)legen
    9) (= win) einnehmen, erobern

    to carry the day —

    to carry all before one ( hum woman ) —, woman ) viel Holz vor der Tür haben (inf)

    the motion was carried unanimously —

    10)

    he carries himself well/like a soldier — er hat eine gute/soldatische Haltung

    11) (PRESS) story, photo bringen
    12) (MED)

    people carrying the AIDS virus — Menschen, die das Aidsvirus in sich (dat) tragen

    13) (= be pregnant with) erwarten, schwanger gehen mit (geh)

    to be carrying a child — schwanger sein, ein Kind erwarten

    14) (MATH)

    ... and carry 2 —... übertrage or behalte 2,... und 2 im Sinn (inf)

    2. vi
    1) (voice, sound) tragen

    the sound of the alphorn carried for milesder Klang des Alphorns war meilenweit zu hören

    2) (ball, arrow) fliegen
    * * *
    carry [ˈkærı]
    A s
    1. Trag-, Schussweite f
    2. Golf: Flugstrecke f (des Balls)
    3. US portage A 3
    B v/t
    1. tragen:
    carry sth in one’s hand;
    he carried his jacket er trug seine Jacke (über dem Arm);
    she lost the baby she was carrying sie verlor das Kind, das sie unter dem Herzen trug;
    pillars carrying an arch bogentragende Pfeiler;
    carry one’s head high den Kopf hoch tragen;
    carry o.s. well
    a) sich gut halten,
    b) sich gut benehmen;
    carry a disease eine Krankheit weitertragen oder verbreiten;
    carry sails SCHIFF Segel führen;
    he knows how to carry his liquor er kann eine Menge (Alkohol) vertragen;
    he can’t carry his liquor er verträgt nichts;
    as fast as his legs could carry him so schnell ihn seine Beine trugen;
    a) auf der ganzen Linie siegen oder erfolgreich sein,
    b) hum viel Holz vor der Hütte (einen großen Busen) haben;
    they carry the British hopes sie tragen oder auf ihnen ruhen die britischen Hoffnungen
    2. fig tragen, (unter)stützen
    3. bringen, tragen, führen, schaffen, befördern:
    a taxi carried me to the station ein Taxi brachte mich zum Bahnhof;
    carry mail BAHN Post befördern;
    the pipes carry water die Rohre führen Wasser; coal A 4
    4. eine Nachricht etc (über)bringen:
    he carried his complaint to the manager er trug seine Beschwerde dem Geschäftsführer vor
    5. mitführen, mit sich oder bei sich tragen:
    carry a watch eine Uhr tragen oder haben;
    carry sth in one’s head fig etwas im Kopf haben oder behalten;
    carry sth with one fig etwas im Geiste mit sich herumtragen
    6. fig (an sich oder zum Inhalt) haben:
    carry conviction überzeugen(d sein oder klingen);
    carry a moral eine Moral (zum Inhalt) haben;
    carry no risk mit keinem Risiko verbunden sein;
    carry (a lot of) weight ( oder authority) Gewicht oder Bedeutung haben, viel gelten ( with bei);
    this does not carry any weight with him das beeindruckt ihn nicht im Mindesten
    7. fig nach sich ziehen, zur Folge haben:
    treason carries the death penalty auf Hochverrat steht die Todesstrafe;
    carry consequences Folgen haben
    8. weiterführen, (hindurch-, hinauf- etc)führen, eine Hecke, Mauer, etc ziehen:
    carry the chimney through the roof den Schornstein durch das Dach führen
    9. fig fortreißen, überwältigen:
    carry the audience with one die Zuhörer mitreißen;
    carry sb to victory SPORT jemanden zum Sieg treiben
    10. fig treiben:
    carry sth too far ( oder to excess) etwas übertreiben oder zu weit treiben;
    carry it with a high hand gebieterisch auftreten
    11. fig
    a) erreichen, durchsetzen:
    carry sth into effect etwas verwirklichen oder ausführen; point A 22
    b) PARL einen Antrag etc durchbringen:
    carry a motion unanimously einen Antrag einstimmig annehmen;
    the motion was carried der Antrag ging durch
    12. fig
    a) einen Preis etc erlangen, erringen, gewinnen
    b) siegreich oder erfolgreich aus einer Wahl etc hervorgehen; day Bes Redew
    c) MIL eine Festung etc (ein)nehmen, erobern
    13. Früchte etc tragen, hervorbringen
    14. Mineralien etc führen, enthalten
    15. tragen, unterhalten, ernähren:
    16. einen Bericht etc bringen:
    the press carried the statement without comment die Presse brachte oder veröffentlichte die Erklärung kommentarlos
    17. WIRTSCH
    a) eine Ware führen
    b) eine Schuld etc in den Büchern führen
    c) Zinsen tragen: interest A 11
    d) eine Versicherung etc zahlen:
    carry insurance versichert sein
    18. JAGD die Spur festhalten (Hund)
    19. MUS einen Ton, eine Melodie tragen
    C v/i
    1. tragen ( auch MUS Ton, Stimme)
    2. den Kopf gut etc halten (Pferd):
    3. tragen, reichen (Stimme, Schusswaffe etc):
    his voice carries far seine Stimme trägt weit
    4. sich gut etc tragen lassen
    5. fliegen (Ball etc)
    6. besonders US Anklang finden, einschlagen umg (Kunstwerk etc)
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (transport) tragen; (with emphasis on destination) bringen; [Strom:] spülen; [Verkehrsmittel:] befördern

    carry all before one(fig.) nicht aufzuhalten sein

    2) (conduct) leiten
    3) (support) tragen; (contain) fassen

    carry [with one] — bei sich haben od. tragen; tragen [Waffe, Kennzeichen]

    5) (possess) besitzen [Autorität, Gewicht]; see also conviction 2)

    carry modesty/altruism etc. to excess — die Bescheidenheit/den Altruismus usw. bis zum Exzess treiben

    8) (Math.): (transfer) im Sinn behalten
    9) (win) durchbringen [Antrag, Gesetzentwurf, Vorschlag]
    2. intransitive verb
    [Stimme, Laut:] zu hören sein
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    befördern v.
    tragen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: trug, getragen)
    übertragen v.

    English-german dictionary > carry

  • 13 discount

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) торг. скидка (с цены), ценовая скидка (денежная сумма или процент, на который поставщик снижает стандартную цену товара или услуги; напр., снижение стандартной цены товара в рамках кампании по стимулированию сбыта или снижение прейскурантной цены в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж, за покупку в большом количестве и т. п.; также снижение стандартного тарифа на услуги для клиентов, удовлетворяющих определенным требованиям, напр., уменьшение величины страховой премии в связи с особенностями данного риска, отсутствием аварий или других страховых случаев в течение определенного времени, либо уменьшение стоимости туристической путевки при приобретении общей путевки для группы лиц и т. п.)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    one-time discount — единовременная [разовая\] скидка

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— скидка в сумме

    At the purchase of 6-10 titles you will obtain the discount in the amount of 5%.

    discount of $125, $125 discount — скидка в размере 125 долл.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — скидка в размере 10%, десятипроцентная скидка

    1% discount for cash — скидка 1% за расчет наличными

    15% discount for quantity purchases — 15-процентная скидка за покупку в большом количестве

    less discount of 5% — со сидкой в 5%, за вычетом 5%

    A discount of up to 40% may apply to Physical Damage Coverage for your boat, if the boat is less than 11 years old.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — скидка с (цены, тарифной ставки)

    50% discount below the normal retail price — 50% скидка с обычной розничной цены

    You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!

    Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.

    discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)

    Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.

    special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки

    50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет

    to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку

    Discounts are given for quantity purchases.

    First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.

    The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.

    Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.

    to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку

    Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.

    He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.

    to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку

    When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.

    Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.

    to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой

    If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.

    It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.

    Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]

    to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку

    To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.

    to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку

    Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.

    to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку

    This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.

    To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.

    to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку

    ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.

    Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.

    American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.

    They've increased the tax discount on the house.

    Syn:
    rebate 1. 1), reduction 1. 2) б)
    Ant:
    See:
    advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discount
    б) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)

    deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме

    discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.

    As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт

    For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)

    Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.

    The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.

    Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.

    All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.

    Ant:
    See:
    в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)
    See:
    г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)
    д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)
    See:
    е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)
    See:
    ж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)
    Ant:
    See:
    2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)
    Syn:
    See:
    3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)
    Syn:
    See:
    4)
    а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)
    Syn:
    б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]
    Syn:
    discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)
    See:
    2. гл.
    1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)

    The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.

    to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены

    to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%

    Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.

    If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.

    All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.

    The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.

    United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.

    The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.

    This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.

    discounted mortgageипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*

    discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*

    discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена

    See:
    2) фин., банк. учитывать
    а) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)

    to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%

    In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.

    The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.

    б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)

    to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%

    The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.

    If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.

    to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя

    See:
    3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)

    to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным

    Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.

    See:

    to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%

    Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.

    To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.

    We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.

    The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.

    When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.

    discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток

    discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости

    See:
    5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивости

    to discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение

    They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.

    We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.

    By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.

    Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.

    Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.

    Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.

    6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)

    Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.

    Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.

    The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.

    In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.

    These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".

    Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.

    See:

    * * *
    discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.
    * * *
    вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент
    . Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки
    -----
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    1. учет векселя
    2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей
    3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > discount

  • 14 blow

    ̈ɪbləu I сущ.
    1) удар at a blow, at one blow, with one blow ≈ одним ударом;
    перен. сразу a blow on/to the head ≈ удар по голове without striking a blow ≈ без борьбы The boxer took several blows to the head. ≈ Боксер получил несколько ударов по голове. He took a blow to the chin. ≈ Он получил удар по челюсти. to rain indiscriminate blows on smb. ≈ обрушивать на кого-л. град беспорядочных ударов to reel under crushing blows ≈ зашататься/дрогнуть от сокрушительных ударов body blow ≈ удар по корпусу crushing, hard, heavy, powerful, resounding, severe, staggering blow ≈ сильный удар, сокрушающий удар decisive blow ≈ решающий удар fatal, mortal blow ≈ смертельный удар glancing, light blow ≈ скользящий удар indiscriminate blows ≈ беспорядочные удары an exchange of blows ≈ обмен ударами;
    перен. обмен "уколами" (колкостями в адрес друг друга) to deal a blow, strike a blow, deliver a blowнаносить удар to aim a blow ≈ (at) замахнуться на to strike a blow forпомогать to strike a blow againstпротиводействовать to heap blows on, rain blows onзаваливать( кого-л.) ударами to cushion a blowсмягчать удар to deflect blow, parry blow, ward off blowотражать, парировать удар to dodge a blowизбегать удара, уклоняться, увертываться от удара Syn: box, knock
    1., punch II
    1., stroke
    1.
    2) конфликт, столкновение to come to blows, fall to blows, go to blows, exchange blowsприходить в столкновение;
    вступить в драку;
    дойти до рукопашной Syn: combat
    1.
    3) несчастье, удар Failure to land the job came as a blow. ≈ Неудача с получением работы оказалась настоящим несчастьем. His death will be a terrible blow. ≈ Его смерть будет страшным ударом. Syn: calamity II
    1. сущ.
    1) а) дуновение, порыв ветра to get a blow ≈ подышать свежим воздухом Syn: waft
    1., whiff I
    1., blast
    1. б) звук музыкального инструмента;
    встреча с целью музицирования The musicians might come together now and again for a blow, but it's finished as a regular aggregation. ≈ Музыканты могут изредка собираться, чтобы поиграть вместе, но единым оркестром они уже не выступают. в) звук при сморкании
    2) а) хвастовство Syn: boasting, bragging, brag, vaunt
    1. б) амер.;
    диал. хвастун Syn: boaster I
    3) тех. дутье;
    бессемерование
    4) кладка яиц( мухами или другими насекомыми)
    5) сл. кокаин Syn: cocaine
    2. гл.;
    прош. вр. - blew, прич. прош. вр. - blown
    1) веять, дуть( о ветре) to blow great gunsреветь, выть( о буре) blow open
    2) а) пыхтеть, тяжело дышать The horse blew heavily. ≈ Лошадь тяжело дышала. Syn: puff
    2., pant
    1., gasp
    2. б) загнать( обыкн. о лошади)
    3) пускать, выбрасывать фонтан( о ките)
    4) разг. а) хвастать Syn: boast I
    2., brag
    2. б) горячиться, бушевать Syn: fume
    2., storm
    2.
    5) а) выдыхать He blew a whiff from his pipe. ≈ Он выпустил дымок из трубки. She blew him a kiss. ≈ Она послала ему воздушный поцелуй. б) курить to blow a cloudкурить трубку в) сл. транжирить, выкидывать на ветер (деньги) He blew $50 on lunch. ≈ Он выкинул 50 баксов на завтрак. Syn: squander
    2. г) сл. продуть, проиграть;
    упустить (возможность, шанс) ;
    напортить He blew his chance. ≈ Он упустил свой шанс. Syn: ruin
    2., spoil
    2.
    6) а) гнать;
    развевать( о ветре, о струе воздуха) б) быть гонимым (ветром) ;
    развеваться;
    амер.;
    разг. носиться (как бы подгоняемый ветром) в) амер.;
    сл. поспешно уходить, убегать
    7) а) играть( на духовом инструменте) ;
    свистеть в свисток б) играть мелодию и т. п.( на духовом инструменте) в) давать сигнал( подъема, тревоги и т. п. с помощью трубы, горна и т. п.) г) амер.;
    разг. исполнять джазовые произведения Dave Milton is a school librarian who also blows jazz tenor with the New Jazz Orchestra. ≈ Дейв Милтон работает школьным библиотекарем и кроме того играет джазовые теноровые партии в Новом джаз-оркестре.
    8) а) издавать звук, звучать( о духовом инструменте) ;
    гудеть, свистеть ( о гудке, свистке) б) звучать (о звуке, мелодии) Let the mournful martial music blow. ≈ Пусть звучит похоронная военная музыка. Syn: sound I
    2.
    9) дуть на что-л., чтобы высушить, согреть или охладить The winter was cold and he blew his fingers. ≈ Зима была холодной, и он дул на пальцы, чтобы согреть их.
    10) раздувать (огонь, мехи)
    11) а) перегорать( о предохранителях) б) пережигать( предохранители)
    12) продувать, прочищать, очищать с помощью воздуха (от слизи и т. п.) to blow eggs ≈ продувать яйца to blow gas (water) pipes ≈ прочищать газовые (водяные) трубы to blow one's noseсморкаться
    13) выдувать to blow bubbles ≈ пускать мыльные пузыри to blow glassвыдувать стекло
    14) взрывать( обыкн. blow up) to blow open ≈ взрывать, взламывать( с помощью взрывчатки) to blow open a safe ≈ взломать сейф That was a good aim;
    the target has been blown to pieces. ≈ Прицел был точен - мишень разнесло в щепки. Then the bomb went off, and two of our officers were blown to glory. ≈ А затем бомба взорвалась, и двоих наших офицеров разнесло в клочья. to blow ( a person's) mind ≈ вызывать галлюцинации с помощью наркотиков, особ. ЛСД;
    вызывать приятные или неприятные ощущения to blow something to stoms, blow something to bits, blow something to places, blow something to smithereensразрывать что-л. на куски при взрыве, разносить в щепки, разносить в клочья to blow someone to blazes, blow someone to glory, blow someone to kingdom ≈ взрывать кого-л., разносить кого-л. в клочья to blow one's topвзорваться( от гнева и т. п.)
    15) сл. осведомлять, доносить;
    распространять( слухи и т. п.) to blow the gab, to blow the gaffвыдавать секрет, проболтаться They're anxious you should take no risk of being blown. ≈ Они озабочены тем, что есть риск, что вас выдадут. If Mr. Morell has blown - has told the story of Taffany's, every boat will be watched. ≈ Если мистер Морелл раструбил всем историю Тэффани, за каждой лодкой будет установлено наблюдение.
    16) откладывать яйца (о мухах или других насекомых)
    17) прич. прош. вр. ≈ blowed;
    груб. проклинать I'm absolutely blowed if I know what to do. ≈ Будь я проклят, если я знаю, что делать. blow! ≈ проклятье!
    18) амер.;
    сл. приглашать Tell Dad, we want to blow him to a good meal. ≈ Скажи отцу, что мы хотим пригласить его пообедать.
    19) сл.;
    груб. заниматься оральным сексом ∙ blow about blow around blow away blow the cobwebs away blow back blow down blow in blow into blow off blow off steam blow on blow out blow over blow round blow up blow upon to blow out one's brainsпустить пулю в лоб blow high, blow low ≈ что бы ни случилось to blow hot and coldколебаться, постоянно менять точку зрения blow me down blow the whistle on III
    1. сущ.
    1) цвет, цветение;
    время цветения;
    перен. расцвет in blow ≈ в цвету in full blow ≈ в полном расцвете She is not out of blow yet. ≈ Она все еще в расцвете. Syn: flowering
    1., florescence, bloom I
    1.
    2) яркое проявление( чего-л.) It exhibits no rich blow of colour. ≈ В ней не видно ярких цветов.
    2. гл.;
    прош. вр. - blew, прич. прош. вр. - blown
    1) цвести Syn: flower
    2., bloom I
    2., blossom
    2.
    2) расцветать Syn: flourish
    2., bloom I
    2., flower
    2.,
    удар;
    - retaliatory * ответный удар;
    возмездие;
    - illegal * (спортивное) запрещенный удар;
    - at a * одним ударом;
    сразу;
    - to administer a * наносить удар;
    причинять вред;
    - to come to *s вступить в драку, дойти до рукопашной;
    - to exchange *s драться;
    - to rain *s upon smb. осыпать кого-л градом ударов - to strike a * for помогать;
    - to strike a * against противодействовать;
    - to aim a * at smb's authority подрывать чей-л авторитет;
    - without striking a * без усилий несчастье, удар судьбы;
    - it came as a crushing * to us для нас это был страшный удар (горное) горный удар;
    обрушение кровли > the first * is half the battle (пословица) хорошее начало полдела откачало;
    лиха беда начало дуновение;
    порыв ветра;
    - to get oneself a * подышать свежим воздухом звук духового инструмента звук при сморкании фонтан кита( разговорное) хвастовство (разговорное) хвастун продувка бессемерование (геология) выход рудной жилы на дневную поверхность (сленг) (военное) передышка( сленг) отдых, перерыв, чтобы перекусить;
    перекур надувать - to * one's cheeks надуть щеки кладка яиц мухами (сленг) кокаин дуть, веять (о ветре) - it was *ing hard дул сильный ветер;
    - it is *ing a gale будет буря гнать (ветром) ;
    развевать;
    - the wind blew the tent over ветер перевернул палатку;
    - many trees were *n down ветер свалил много деревьев;
    - a lot of dust was *n in нанесло /нагнало/ много пыли нестись, быть гонимым ветром (часто * away) - to * away an obstacle( военное) снести препятствие артиллерийским огнем играть (на инструменте) ;
    дуть (в свисток) ;
    издавать звук (о духовом инструменте) ;
    свистеть (о сирене, свистке и т. п.) - stop work when the whistle *s прекратите работу по свистку дуть на что-л, студить;
    - to * on one's coffee (по) дуть на горячий кофе согревать, сушить или охлаждать дыханием;
    - to * on one's fingers дуть на застывшие пальцы раздувать (огонь, мехи) выдувать (стеклянные изделия и т.д.) ;
    - * glass выдувать стекло;
    - * bottles выдувать бутылки;
    - * bubbles пускать пузыри продувать, прочищать;
    - to have the pipes *n прочистить трубы очищать от содержимого( воздухом или газом) - to * an egg выпить яйцо (через дырочку) - * your nose well хорошенько высморкайся взрывать;
    - they blew the door in and entered они взорвали дверь и вошли внутрь;
    - the gates were *n up with dynamit ворота были взорваны динамитом взрываться;
    - the gun blew (up) орудие взорвалось лопаться( о вакуумной трубке, камере, покрышке и т. п.) ;
    разорваться от внутреннего давления;
    - this tin has *n эта консервная банка вздулась пыхтеть;
    тяжело дышать;
    - the old man was puffing and *ing старик пыхтел и отдувался загнать (лошадь) перегорать (о предохранителях) пережигать( предохранители) ;
    - he's *n the fuse (out) он пережег пробки распространять (новости, слухи) ;
    - the rumour has widely *n about, that... широко распространился слух, что... бушевать, разражаться гневом разоблачать;
    - the spy's cover was *n шпиона разоблачили (разговорное) хвастаться транжирить;
    - he blew his last money on a show он потратил свои последние деньги на театр( разговорное) угощать;
    - he blew me to a dinner он угостил меня обедом (сленг) уходить, удирать( сленг) проиграть;
    проворонить( сленг) ликвидировать;
    похерить (разговорное) хандрить (театроведение) (жаргон) забыть текст, реплику ( сленг) мастерски делать что-л;
    - he *s great conversation он мастер на разговоры, он любит много говорить( эвфмеизм) ругать, проклинать;
    - * it! черт возьми! - I'm *ed if I know провалиться мне на этом месте, если я знаю класть яйца( о мухах) выпускать фонтан (о ките) (разговорное) курить или вдыхать наркотик (устаревшее) разжигать( страсти) (американизм) (сленг) заниматься минетом, феллацио подавать дутье( техническое) парить( о сальнике, фланце) - to blow smth. to some state приводить что-л в какое-л состояние;
    - to * shut захлопнуть;
    - the wind blew the door shut дверь захлопнуло ветром;
    - to * open распахивать;
    распахиваться;
    - when the door blew open the crowd rushed in когда дверь распахнулась, толпа бросилась внутрь;
    - to * to pieces разбить вдребезги;
    разорвать на куски;
    - to * one's hair dry высушить волосы феном > to * one's brains пустить пулю в лоб;
    > to * a kiss послать воздушный поцелуй;
    > to * hopes sky-high разбить надежды в прах;
    > to * sky-high сильно выбранить, выругать;
    > to * one's own horn хвастаться;
    > to * great guns дуть, бушевать (о буре) ;
    > to * hot and cold постоянно менять свои взгляды;
    > * high, * low что бы ни случилось;
    > to * one's cool потерять самообладание, выйти из себя;
    > to * smb. mind волновать, возбуждать;
    захватить врасплох, поставить в тупик;
    испытывать наркотическое возбуждение, быть в трансе > to * the whistle on smth. положить конец чему-л;
    > it's about time someone blew the whistle on his dishonest practices пора прекратить его бесчестные махинации;
    > to * the lid off smth. (американизм) (разговорное) разоблачить, обнародовать что-л, > to * the cobwebs away проветрить мозги;
    > to * a fuse (американизм) (сленг) раздражаться;
    взрываться от гнева;
    > to * smb.'s head off изругать кого-л;
    > you'll get your head *n off не сносить тебе головы цвет, цветение расцвет цвести;
    расцветать
    to deal (или to strike, to deliver) a ~ наносить удар;
    to aim a blow (at) замахнуться
    ~ удар;
    at a blow, at one blow одним ударом;
    сразу;
    to come to blows вступить в бой, в драку, дойти до рукопашной
    ~ удар;
    at a blow, at one blow одним ударом;
    сразу;
    to come to blows вступить в бой, в драку, дойти до рукопашной
    blow взрывать (обыкн. blow up) ;
    to blow open взрывать, взламывать (с помощью взрывчатки) ;
    to blow open a safe взломать сейф ~ дуновение;
    to get a blow подышать свежим воздухом ~ (blew;
    blown) дуть, веять ~ тех. дутье;
    бессемерование ~ звучать (о трубе) ~ играть (на духовом инструменте) ~ кладка яиц (мухами) ~ класть яйца (о мухах) ~ несчастье, удар (судьбы) ~ вчт. программировать ППЗУ ~ (р. p. blowed) разг. проклинать;
    I'll be blowed if I know провалиться мне на месте, если я знаю;
    blow about, blow abroad распространять (слух, известие) ~ пыхтеть, тяжело дышать ~ развевать;
    гнать (о ветре) ~ раздувать (огонь, мехи;
    тж. перен.) ;
    выдувать (стеклянные изделия) ;
    продувать (трубку и т. п.) ;
    пускать (пузыри) ;
    to blow bubbles пускать мыльные пузыри;
    to blow one's nose сморкаться ~ свистеть, гудеть ~ транжирить (деньги;
    тж. blow off) ;
    расщедриться ~ удар;
    at a blow, at one blow одним ударом;
    сразу;
    to come to blows вступить в бой, в драку, дойти до рукопашной ~ разг. хвастать ~ хвастовство ~ (blew;
    blown) цвести ~ цвет, цветение
    ~ (р. p. blowed) разг. проклинать;
    I'll be blowed if I know провалиться мне на месте, если я знаю;
    blow about, blow abroad распространять (слух, известие)
    ~ (р. p. blowed) разг. проклинать;
    I'll be blowed if I know провалиться мне на месте, если я знаю;
    blow about, blow abroad распространять (слух, известие)
    ~ раздувать (огонь, мехи;
    тж. перен.) ;
    выдувать (стеклянные изделия) ;
    продувать (трубку и т. п.) ;
    пускать (пузыри) ;
    to blow bubbles пускать мыльные пузыри;
    to blow one's nose сморкаться
    to ~ out one's brains пустить пулю в лоб;
    blow high, blow low что бы ни случилось, во что бы то ни стало
    to ~ hot and cold колебаться, постоянно менять точку зрения
    to ~ out one's brains пустить пулю в лоб;
    blow high, blow low что бы ни случилось, во что бы то ни стало
    ~ off тех. продувать;
    to blow off steam выпустить пар;
    перен. дать выход избытку энергии;
    разрядиться ~ off разг. мотать, транжирить ( деньги)
    ~ off тех. продувать;
    to blow off steam выпустить пар;
    перен. дать выход избытку энергии;
    разрядиться
    ~ раздувать (огонь, мехи;
    тж. перен.) ;
    выдувать (стеклянные изделия) ;
    продувать (трубку и т. п.) ;
    пускать (пузыри) ;
    to blow bubbles пускать мыльные пузыри;
    to blow one's nose сморкаться nose: ~ нос;
    to blow one's nose сморкаться;
    to speak through one's (или the) nose гнусавить;
    говорить в нос
    blow взрывать (обыкн. blow up) ;
    to blow open взрывать, взламывать (с помощью взрывчатки) ;
    to blow open a safe взломать сейф
    blow взрывать (обыкн. blow up) ;
    to blow open взрывать, взламывать (с помощью взрывчатки) ;
    to blow open a safe взломать сейф
    to ~ out one's brains пустить пулю в лоб;
    blow high, blow low что бы ни случилось, во что бы то ни стало
    to ~ the gaff (или the gab) sl. выдать секрет;
    проболтаться gaff: ~ разг. ерунда, вздор;
    to blow the gaff проболтаться
    ~ up разг. бранить, ругать ~ up взлетать на воздух( при взрыве) ~ up взрывать;
    to blow up the hell перевернуть все вверх дном ~ up разг. выходить из себя ~ up раздувать ~ up разрушать ~ up фото увеличивать
    ~ up взрывать;
    to blow up the hell перевернуть все вверх дном
    ~ upon лишать свежести, интереса ~ upon наговаривать;
    доносить ~ upon ронять во мнении
    ~ удар;
    at a blow, at one blow одним ударом;
    сразу;
    to come to blows вступить в бой, в драку, дойти до рукопашной
    to deal (или to strike, to deliver) a ~ наносить удар;
    to aim a blow (at) замахнуться
    ~ дуновение;
    to get a blow подышать свежим воздухом
    ~ (р. p. blowed) разг. проклинать;
    I'll be blowed if I know провалиться мне на месте, если я знаю;
    blow about, blow abroad распространять (слух, известие)
    to strike a ~ for помогать;
    to strike a blow against противодействовать
    to strike a ~ for помогать;
    to strike a blow against противодействовать

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > blow

  • 15 danger

    noun
    Gefahr, die

    a danger to somebody/something — eine Gefahr für jemanden/etwas

    ‘danger!’ — "Vorsicht!"

    there is [a] danger of war — es besteht Kriegsgefahr

    in dangerin Gefahr

    be in danger of doing something[Person:] Gefahr laufen, etwas zu tun; [Sache:] drohen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    ['dein‹ə]
    1) (something that may cause harm or injury: The canal is a danger to children.) die Gefahr
    2) (a state or situation in which harm may come to a person or thing: He is in danger; The bridge is in danger of collapse.) die Gefahr
    - academic.ru/18388/dangerous">dangerous
    * * *
    dan·ger
    [ˈdeɪnʤəʳ, AM -ʤɚ]
    n
    1. no pl (jeopardy) [Lebens]gefahr f
    \danger! keep out! Zutritt verboten! Lebensgefahr!
    a \danger to life and limb eine Gefahr für Leib und Leben
    to be in \danger in Gefahr sein
    I felt my life was in \danger ich hatte Angst um mein Leben
    to be in \danger of extinction vom Aussterben bedroht sein
    to be in \danger of doing sth Gefahr laufen, etw zu tun
    2. (risk) Gefahr f, Bedrohung f
    to be a \danger to sb/sth eine Gefahr für jdn/etw sein
    there is a \danger that... es besteht die Gefahr, dass...
    3. no pl (chance) Gefahr f, Risiko nt
    there is no \danger of that! ( hum) diese Gefahr besteht nicht
    there's no \danger of me going out with him! ( hum) ich werde bestimmt nicht mit ihm ausgehen!
    to be out of \danger außer Gefahr [o fam über den Berg] sein
    * * *
    ['deIndZə(r)]
    n
    1) Gefahr f

    he loves dangerer liebt die Gefahr

    the dangers of smokingdie mit dem Rauchen verbundenen Gefahren

    to put sb/sth in danger — jdn/etw in Gefahr bringen, jdn/etw gefährden

    to be in danger of doing sth — Gefahr laufen, etw zu tun

    there is a danger of his getting lost — es besteht die Gefahr, dass er sich verirrt

    he ran the danger of being recognized —

    to be a danger to sb/sth — für jdn/etw eine Gefahr bedeuten

    2)

    "danger" — "Achtung, Lebensgefahr!"; (Mot)

    "danger, high-tension cables" — "Achtung, Hochspannung!"

    "danger, ice" — "Glatteisgefahr"

    "danger, keep out" — "Zutritt verboten, Lebensgefahr!"

    * * *
    danger [ˈdeındʒə(r)]
    A s
    1. Gefahr f (to für):
    be in great danger in großer Gefahr sein oder schweben;
    be in danger of falling Gefahr laufen zu fallen;
    be in danger of one’s life in Lebensgefahr sein oder schweben;
    his life is in danger sein Leben ist in Gefahr;
    danger of fire Feuer(s)gefahr;
    danger of infection MED Infektionsgefahr;
    be out of danger MED über den Berg sein umg;
    without danger gefahrlos;
    there was no danger to es bestand keine Gefahr für;
    there was never any danger to their victory SPORT ihr Sieg war niemals in Gefahr
    2. (to) Bedrohung f, Gefährdung f (gen), Gefahr f (für):
    be a danger eine Gefahr sein oder darstellen
    3. auch danger signal BAHN Not-, Haltezeichen n ( B):
    the signal is at danger das Signal steht auf Rot
    B adj Gefahren…:
    danger area, danger zone Gefahrenzone f, -bereich m;
    danger list MED Liste f der kritischen Fälle;
    be on (off) the danger list MED in Lebensgefahr schweben (über den Berg sein umg);
    danger money ( oder pay) Gefahrenzulage f;
    danger point, danger spot Gefahrenpunkt m, -stelle f;
    danger signal Warnsignal n (a. fig)( A 3)
    * * *
    noun
    Gefahr, die

    a danger to somebody/something — eine Gefahr für jemanden/etwas

    ‘danger!’ — "Vorsicht!"

    there is [a] danger of war — es besteht Kriegsgefahr

    be in danger of doing something[Person:] Gefahr laufen, etwas zu tun; [Sache:] drohen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    n.
    Gefahr -en f.

    English-german dictionary > danger

  • 16 life

    life (pl lives)
    A n
    1 ( as opposed to death) vie f ; life and death la vie et la mort ; a matter of life and death une question de vie ou de mort ; to cling to life s'accrocher à la vie ; to have a love of life aimer la vie ; to bring sb back to life gen rendre la vie à qn ; Med ranimer qn ; to save sb's life sauver la vie de qn ; to put one's life at risk risquer sa vie ; to lay down ou give one's life for sb sacrifier sa vie pour qn ; to lose/risk one's life doing perdre/risquer sa vie à faire ; to take one's own life se donner la mort ; to take sb's life sout donner la mort à qn ; to run/swim for one's life courir/nager aussi vite que possible ; run for your life! sauve qui peut! ;
    2 ( period from birth to death) vie f ; short/long life courte/longue vie ; throughout one's life pendant toute sa vie ; his waking life sa vie éveillée ; in this life and the next dans cette vie et dans l'autre ; the first time in my life la première fois de ma vie ; a day/year in the life of une journée/année de la vie de ; romance/race of one's life amour/course de sa vie ; I got the fright of my life! j'ai eu la frayeur de ma vie! ; a job for life un emploi à vie ; a friend for life un ami pour la vie ; in later life plus tard dans sa vie ; to mark sb for life marquer qn pour la vie ; to go through ou spend one's life doing passer sa vie à faire ; to make life worth living donner un sens à la vie ; to be all for an easy life aimer la vie facile ; early in life très tôt ; in adult life à l'âge adulte ; in the prime of life dans la fleur de l'âge ; at my time of life à mon âge ; have you lived here all your life? est-ce que tu as toujours habité ici? ; for the rest of one' s life pour le restant de ses jours ; in her early life quand elle était jeune ; to depart this life littér quitter ce monde ; the life and times of X la vie et l'époque de X ; to write a life of sb écrire une biographie de qn ;
    3 (animation, vigour) vie f, vitalité f ; full of life plein de vie or vitalité ; there was no life in her voice il n'y avait aucune vitalité dans sa voix ; there's not much life in the town in winter cette ville n'est pas très vivante l'hiver ; to come to life [person] reprendre conscience ; fig sortir de sa réserve ; [fictional character] prendre vie ; [party] s'animer ; to bring a subject to life traiter un sujet de manière très vivante ; to bring history/a character to life donner de la vie à l'histoire/un personnage ; to roar/splutter into life se mettre en marche en vrombissant/en toussant ; put a bit of life into it mettez-y un peu de tonus ; this drink will put new life into you cette boisson te redonnera des forces ;
    4 (social activity, lifestyle) vie f ; to lead a busy/sheltered life mener une vie occupée/protégée ; to change one's life transformer sa vie ; private/family ou home life vie privée/de famille ; working/social life vie professionnelle/personnelle ; his way of life son mode de vie ; a way of life un style de vie ; a life of luxury/crime une vie de luxe/de criminel ; to live the good ou high life mener la grande vie ; the outdoor life la vie au grand air ; it's no life for a child ce n'est pas une vie pour un enfant ; to have a life of one's own avoir sa propre vie ; to make a new life for oneself se forger une nouvelle vie ; to get on with one's life continuer sa vie ; what a life! quelle vie! ; in public life dans les affaires publiques ;
    5 ( as general concept) vie f ; life in general la vie en général ; life's been kind to me la vie m'a été favorable ; isn't life wonderful? la vie n'est-elle pas merveilleuse? ; how's life treating you? comment va la vie? to make life easier/difficult for sb faciliter/compliquer la vie à qn ; don't make life so difficult for yourself ne te rends pas la vie impossible ; to take life as it comes prendre la vie comme elle vient ; life has to go on la vie continue ; that's life c'est la vie ; life's a bitch chienne de vie ;
    6 ( living things) vie f ; origins of life origines de la vie ; extraterrestrial life la vie extraterrestre ; life as we know it la vie telle que nous la connaissons ; plant/marine life la vie végétale/marine ; life in the hedgerows/forest la faune des haies/forêts ; low life péj racaille f ;
    7 ( human being(s)) without loss of life sans perte de vies humaines ; the ship sank with the loss of 500 lives le naufrage du navire a fait 500 morts ;
    8 ( useful duration) durée f ; shelf life durée de conservation ; the average life of a washing-machine la durée moyenne d'une machine à laver ; there's plenty of life still left in them ils sont encore tout à fait utilisables ; this carpet's coming to the end of its life ce tapis commence à avoir fait son temps ;
    9 Jur to do ou serve life être emprisonné à vie ; to sentence sb to life condamner qn à perpétuité ; to get life se faire condamner à perpette ;
    10 Games vie f ; to lose a life perdre une vie ;
    11 Art from life [draw, paint] d'après nature.
    B modif [member, president, peer, peerage, membership] à vie ; [ban] définitif/-ive ; Insur [annuity] viager/-ère.
    anything for a quiet life tout ce que tu voudras mais laisse-moi tranquille ; for dear life de toutes mes/ses etc forces ; not for the life of me absolument pas ; he couldn't for the life of him see why il n'arrivait absolument pas à comprendre pourquoi ; get a life ! lâche-moi les baskets ! ; not on your life! jamais de la vie! ; this is the life! c'est la belle vie!, voilà la vie qu'il me/nous etc faut! ; to frighten the life out of sb faire mourir qn de peur ; to have the time of one's life s'amuser comme un fou/une folle ; you get out of life what you put into it comme on fait son lit on se couche Prov ; to take one's life in one's hands risquer sa vie.

    Big English-French dictionary > life

  • 17 Глава 4. Клич охотника в бумажных джунглях

    ...А сверху в гамаке висит администратор,
    задумчиво сплетая пальцы ног.
    М. Щербаков
    Мы все время предупреждаем: изучайте наш предмет, но используйте приобретенные знания осторожно. В официальной обстановке можно сильно вляпаться. На работе, например, говорить так же свободно, как дома или в баре, не принято. Планка дозволенного там искусственно завышена. Называть вещи своими именами (а как тут не выругаешься!) нельзя. Отсюда проистекает целая система эвфемизмов, часто называемая офисным жаргоном.
    Отчасти те же корни - у жаргона политического, но там еще много всяких наслоений.
    Главная особенность официальной речи во всех странах состоит в том, что любую гадость называют вполне приличным словом, да еще и оптимистично звучащим. Бессмертный классик Джордж Оруэлл определил это абсолютно всем в англоязычном мире известным термином doublespeak (помните - "война - это мир", ит.п.). С другой стороны, некоторые совершенно нормальные слова недопустимы и являются офисными табу (прямо как у диких племен).
    Вот в качестве экзотического образца слова, которые не рекомендуется произносить, а тем более писать (слышали от эксперта, работающего неподалеку от места, где Милошевича судят - сказать точнее не имеем права): invalidity (несостоятельность); infringement of rights (нарушение прав); violates a patent (нарушение патента). Догадались почему? Это вам потом в случае суда по патентным делам легко могут припомнить. Мол, сам же говорил...
    Впрочем, пример не совсем чист: он связан не просто с официальной речью, а с юридическим английским. Это та еще песня, в любой стране. Поди разберись! Приводимый ниже отрывок объясняет, почему американцам приходится нанимать юристов для урегулирования, казалось бы, пустяковых дел. Создана ли эта запутанность юристами специально? Ответить не можем. Вот вам определение слова "задница" из настоящего подзаконного акта, запрещающего нудизм (anti-nudity ordinance) (Действует в районе Санкт-Августин (St. Augustin, Fla. County) во Флориде (источник — A. and T. Condon. Legal Lunacy. — Putnam, N.Y. 1992)):
    "Buttocks: The area to the rear of the human body (sometimes referred to as the gluteus maximus) which lies between two imaginary lines running parallel to the ground when a person is standing, the first or top of such line being one- half inch below the top of the vertical cleavage of the nates (i.e., the prominance formed by the muscles running from the back of the hip to the back of the leg) and the second or bottom line being one-half inch above the lowest point of the curvature of the fleshy protuberance (sometimes referred to as the gluteal fold), and between two imaginary lines, one on each side of the body (the `outside lines'), which outside lines are perpendicular to the ground and to the horizontal lines described above and which perpendicular outside lines pass through the outermost point(s) at which each nate meets the outer side of the leg...." Не напоминает некоторые справочники?
    В принципе, лексикон офисного сленга делится на две группы - buzzwords (клише) и слова, проходящие по ведомству PC (political correctness). Последние используют, чтобы застраховаться от судебных исков за воображаемые обиды на расовой, религиозной, половой, возрастной и какой угодно другой (лишь бы юрист пробивной попался) основе. В качестве незаменимого пособия рекомендуем (лучше в оригинале!) книги Скотта Адамса (Scott Adams) про Дилберта. Он, например, детально поясняет, почему надо говорить resources (ресурсы), когда вы ведете речь о болванах (dolts), составляющих ваш коллектив (team members). Или с какой целью произносится associate (партнер), когда вы имеете в виду неумеху (pud) и неудачника (loser), с которым приходится работать. Очень циничный автор, но его серии карикатур многие обитатели cubicles (офисных кабинок) держат у себя на стенах. Это - мелкая фронда, безопасная, так как ни один начальник не признает, что это именно его Адамс изобразил.
    Картинок из Адамса мы без его разрешения приводить не будем, но пример настенного офисного юмора дадим (см. рис. (Итак, американцы шутят. Думаете, это что? Поздравление с днем рождения от товарищей по работе. Типичный поздравительный плакат из тех, что вывешиваются в офисе. Шутить со смертью — старая европейская традиция, отсюда и колядки, и Хэллоуин)).
    Buzzwords не сложны, вот несколько типичных, которые вы легко переведете сами (так лучше запомнится!). Собрание обязано иметь mission или purpose. Руководство должно обеспечивать leadership и motivation. Служащим следует быть proactive. Везде надо искать synergy. Естественная речь и мотивировки выглядят unprofessional. Цель работника - career advancement. В коллективе требуется исполнять роль team player и стремиться вырасти до team leader. Teamwork - непременное требование к служащим. Business as usual - почему-то всегда плохо, даже если этот бизнес приносит хороший и постоянный доход. Никогда не позволяйте, чтобы на людях вырвалось простецкое duh! Если вы не понимаете, почему diversity - это всегда сама по себе ценность, вас надо послать на diversity sensitivity training. На работе вы осуществляете total quality management и reengineering, проявляя self-motivation. Вы регулярно составляете status reports. То, о чем вы, как и все, мечтаете - job security (но в природе этого не существует).
    Еще несколько полезных ходовых офисных слов переведем:
    family = team (семья = команда - так называют родной коллектив); stakeholders (акционеры); stewardship (обслуживание, в каком-то смысле даже служение); leverage (рычаг, средство для достижения цели); solutions (решения: "we sell solutions" означает примерно - мы продаем не сосискоделательную машину, а комплексное решение всех ваших сосисочных проблем); revisit (пересмотреть), 24/7 (круглосуточно, без остановки); benchmark (лучший образец в данной области; benchmarking - сравнение с этим образцом); result-driven (ориентированный на результат); empower (передать полномочия), mindset (отношение); ballpark (ориентировочный: ballpark figure - примерная цифра).
    В мире мудрых мыслей (Скотта Адамса):
    Уолли: Stupidity is like nuclear power; it can be used for good or evil. (Глупость - как ядерная энергия, ее можно употребить и в добро, и во зло.)
    Дилберт: And you don't want to get any on you. (И вам совсем не надо, чтобы ее на вас испытывали.)
    А вот примеры клишированных мотивационных фраз и лозунгов, заимствованных нами из реальной жизни (слышали их неоднократно). При этих звуках у нормального американского служащего сама собой немедленно складывается фига в кармане (это мы на русский с их языка жестов переводим, на самом деле американцы складывают "middle finger").
    • Work smarter, not harder (так они говорят, когда предлагается объем работы, который не то что за 8, а и за 10 часов не сделать).
    • It's a new paradigm (американские менеджеры любят слово "парадигма" особой любовью - они его новым смыслом наполнили, лучше всего определяемым словом bullshit).
    • It's an opportunity, not a problem (ну, уволили тебя - значит, открываются горизонты новой карьеры, например, в Макдоналдсе).
    • You're a valued member of the team! (Ну, да...).
    • Nobody can do the things you can do! (Кто же, если не ты...).
    • You are helping make the world a better place! (Поэтому торг о зарплате здесь неуместен).
    • We are in a competitive business. (Так что затяните пояса и не нойте).
    • We make a difference! (Страшно распространенное выражение. Почему-то всегда подразумевается, что все изменения к лучшему. Нас всегда подмывает при виде этой фразы подрисовать физиономию аятоллы Хомейни).
    Усвоив и осмыслив приведенные выше выражения, вы сможете легко составлять собственные девизы. Вот, для примера, наш лозунг для американского офиса: Our mission is unprofessional proactive synergy! (В переводе на неофисный русский: "Сговоримся и подсидим коллегу!")
    Коротенький комментарий, связанный с переменами, синергизмом и названиями компаний.
    В мире мудрых мыслей (Скотта Адамса):
    Когда компании сливаются, они всегда заявляют о гигантском синергизме (leveraging synergy), причем взаимоусиление достигается всегда одним путем - массовыми увольнениями. Вот примеры возможных слияний, с соответствующим синергическим изменением профиля и названий:
    ◦ Coca-Cola (напитки) + Head (спортивные товары) = Coke Head.
    ◦ Bayer (аспирин) + AST (компьютеры) = Bayer AST.
    ◦ Hertz (прокат машин) + A.B.Dick (оборудование офисов) = Hertz Dick.
    Переведите сами, используя наш словарь, какой смысл, на слух, имеют "синергические" названия.
    Шутка, но так и на практике бывает. Вот в Сиэтле давным-давно слились газеты "Seattle Post" и "Seattle Intelligencer". И знаете, как сейчас называется их главная городская газета? "Seattle Post-Inteligencer", что звучит как "Сиэтл после разума", выживший из ума, значит. Но настолько примелькалось, что не замечается.
    Еще несколько примеров штампованных офисных фраз. Больше половины - из свежей коллекции Кена Патрика (Ken Patrick). Он назвал это "Biz-Speak 101", то есть начальный курс деловой речи. Эти выражения сейчас в ходу ВСЕ. Не будем навязывать своих циничных комментариев. Да, bullshit. Нужно просто выучить и пользоваться.
    • World class (мирового уровня).
    • Think outside the box; Push the envelope (призыв к оригинальному мышлению).
    • Hands-on (непосредственно вовлеченный в дело).
    • Paradigm shift (смена критериев, приоритетов).
    • State of the art (современного уровня).
    • Real world solution (реальное решение).
    • Win-win situation (все в выигрыше).
    • (The ball is) In your court (ваша очередь).
    • Going forward (в будущем).
    • Strategic alliance (стратегический союз - например, меча и орала - тьфу, сорвалась рука, обещали же не острить).
    • Bricks and mortar (производящие, промышленные компании - в отличие от интернетных, которые после массового краха прозвали internet bubbles - интернетные пузыри).
    • Value-added (добавочная ценность продукта).
    • Step up to the plate (начать работать над чем-то).
    • Run up to the pole (попробовать).
    • Get to the bottom line (деньги, стоимость чего-то).
    • Stop the bleeding (сокращать расходы).
    • On the bubble (что-то нехорошее происходит, например, с компанией, "жареным запахло").
    • Best and brightest (лучшие служащие).
    • Exceeding customer expectation (больше, чем ждет потребитель).
    • On the same page (все друг друга понимают).
    • Strategic fit (важное дополнение).
    • Core competencies (основная область деятельности компании).
    • Best practice (соответствует лучшим стандартам).
    • Out of the loop (не в курсе).
    • Fast track (скоростное продвижение).
    • Knowledge base (базирующийся на современной технологии).
    • In the end of the day (в конце концов).
    • Touch base (обсудить).
    • Client focused (ориентированный на потребителя).
    • Game plan (стратегия).
    А теперь - самостоятельные упражнения.
    1. Переведите на нормальный язык: "Going forward, let's think outside the box and run it up the pole".
    2. Определите, к какому из вышеприведенных выражений подходит используемый тем же К. Патриком термин brownnosers (последнее слово есть в нашем словаре).
    Официальный сленг и административные клише хорошо освоены сметливыми проходимцами, которые, естественно, стараются, чтобы их пирамиды выглядели так же солидно, как пирамида Хеопса. Сколько приходит по почте мусора (junk mail), похожего на вид на официальные документы! Дело дошло до того, что Почтовое ведомство США (U.S.Postal Service) издало специальную памятку со списком слов-приманок (buzz phrases), характерных для жуликов, заманивающих свои жертвы (suckers) через газетные объявления и по почте.
    • Anybody can do it (это может каждый).
    • Quick and easy (быстро и легко).
    • Big, fast profits (большая, быстрая прибыль).
    • No experience needed (опыта не требуется).
    • Work in the comfort of your home (работа с комфортом у себя дома).
    • Work in your spare time (работа в свободное время).
    • No risk (никакого риска).
    • Fill a great demand (соответствует большому спросу).
    • Nothing illegal (ничего противозаконного).
    • Secret plan for success (секретный план успеха).
    • Tested in Europe (испытано в Европе).
    • Developed after years of secret research (создано в результате многолетних секретных исследований).
    • Proven to provide immediate positive results (проверенный способ получения немедленного положительного результата).
    Теперь вы официально предупреждены: если видите подобную фразу - весьма вероятно, что вас хотят надуть. Отечественные "бизнесмены" все это перенимают в последние годы очень быстро, и со многими обсуждаемыми терминами наш читатель наверняка уже встречался.
    Реальный пример американского почтового жульничества представлен на рис. ("Витамин О", отсутствующий в природе (но не все покупатели об этом знают)). Рекламируемый "Витамин О" (проверьте - такого нет ни в одном медицинском справочнике) - всего-навсего разбавленная перекись водорода (по $25 за маленькую бутылочку!).
    PC-терминология связана с борьбой политических лоббистов, и приоритеты там часто меняются. В принципе, стандартного английского, в плане чисто языковом, чтобы никого не обидеть вам хватит. Думается, сейчас русскому читателю уже не требуется объяснять, что надо говорить African-American и Chairperson. В этом плане вам всегда сделают скидку как приезжему. Вас ведь тоже будут бояться обидеть. Проблема скорее может быть в другом - в характерном для жителей России восприятии действительности, в системе ценностей, которая в цивилизованной части англоязычного мира несколько иная. То, что у нас нормально и даже смешно, там зачастую оскорбление. И наоборот (см. рис. (Итак, американцы шутят. Думаете, это что? Поздравление с днем рождения от товарищей по работе. Типичный поздравительный плакат из тех, что вывешиваются в офисе. Шутить со смертью — старая европейская традиция, отсюда и колядки, и Хэллоуин)). Но это не тема для книги про язык. Обещаем - мы еще напишем другую, под названием "Политическая проституция. Учебное пособие с упражнениями". А пока дадим лишь несколько примеров распространенных PC-выражений. Многие из них сейчас и на русском очень узнаваемы (прямое, неполиткорректное значение дано в скобках).
    • Pregnancy termination - прерывание беременности (аборт).
    • Non-discriminating sexual orientation - недифференцированной сексуальной ориентации (бисексуал).
    • Affirmative action - позитивные защитные действия (расовые квоты).
    • Native American - урожденный американец (индеец).
    • Conscientious objector - возражающий против призыва по соображениям совести (дезертир).
    • Pro-choice - за выбор (сторонник абортов).
    • Pro-life - за жизнь (противник абортов).
    • African-American - афро-американец (негр). От места рождения не зависит. Например, среди наших хороших знакомых есть афро-американцы - уроженцы Теннеси, Тринидада и Голландии, а вот уроженец Уганды, коричневый беженец времен Иди Амина, в эту категорию не попадет.
    • Caucasian - представитель европейской расы (белый). Да, в Америке и мы с вами называемся кавказцами и рассматриваемся как потомки рабовладельцев, в качестве которых всем должны. Насчет нашего происхождения из крепостных крестьян там не знают, а объясняешь - не верят.
    • Non-traditional partners (sexual orientation) - нетрадиционные партнерство, сексуальная ориентация (геи и лесбиянки).
    • Secular humanist - нерелигиозный гуманист (атеист).
    • Family Planning Center - центр планирования семьи (абортарий).
    • Political Action Committee - комитет политического содействия (группа лоббистов).
    • Challenged - имеющий проблемы (инвалид). Относится к любому физическому отклонению: mentally challenged - придурки, vertically challenged - коротышки ит.п.
    • Minorities - меньшинства (не белые). От фактической численности не зависит: 38 миллионов латиносов в Америке тоже minorities.
    • Afrocentrist - афроцентрист (черный расист).
    • Dead white men - мертвые белые мужчины (белые расисты/сексисты - классики). Подразумевается, что, скажем, Шекспир сознательно принижал женщин - в лице Дездемоны и негров - в лице Отелло.
    • Animal rights movement - движение за права животных (нео-луддиты - экстремисты, пытающиеся остановить развитие биотехнологии и медицинских исследований. Это они под покровом ночи лабораторных крыс освобождают).
    • Multi-culturalism - мультикультурализм (идея, что культуры всех народов абсолютно равны и должны быть представлены в учебных программах в равной пропорции, скажем, столько же французской, сколько монгольской).
    • Sexism - сексизм (половая дискриминация). В этом нехорошем деле замешаны все мужчины, проявляющие любым образом отношение к женщине как женщине. Да и все женщины, относящиеся к мужчинам иначе, чем к своим подружкам, - тоже сексистки.
    • Ageism - агеизм (дискриминация по возрасту). Сюда относят любые замечания насчет старших.
    • Eurocentrism - евроцентризм. Предпочтение европейской цивилизации (культуры, демократии, ит.д.). Воспринимается как тяжелая болезнь.
    • Lookism - любые суждения о внешнем виде человека (обругать - дискриминация, похвалить - сексизм). До нас термин "смотризм" пока не дошел.
    • Senior Citizens - старшие граждане (старичье, пенсионеры).
    • Compassionate Conservatives - мягкосердечные консерваторы (реакционеры). Просто PR-специалисты для старых злобных реакционеров новую упаковку изготовили.
    РС - предмет постоянных насмешек американских сатириков, да и не сатириков тоже. И впрямь, богатейшее ведь поле. Довольно распространенная шутка - переписывать классические истории и песенки в политически корректном и актуальном духе. Приведем типичный образец - он простой, переведите сами как упражнение. Справа - оригинал, всем с детства известный стишок из классического собрания "Матушки Гусыни". Подчеркнуты слова, которые стоит запомнить.
    (таблица №1)
    Еще образчик американского самоприкола по поводу PC мы нашли на сувенирных магнитиках. Вы уже знаете про связь мата и юмора, так вот, там дан "перевод" фраз с сугубо официального языка на совершенно матерный. На кухонный холодильник такое повесить можно - но не в офис. Вот несколько примеров (на русский переводим не дословно, это вы сами легко сделаете, используя наш словарь, а подходяще по экспрессии и колориту).
    (таблица №2)
    В заключение - несколько слов о специфическом партийном языке. У маргинальных политических групп он весьма оригинален. В поддержку русских коммунистов-интернационалистов (и для развлечения остальных читателей) приведем здесь подлинные левые американские мысли. Даем без комментариев и перевода цитату из "Словаря Анархиста" - брошюрки без выходных данных, подобранной нами в одном из троцкистских центров Канады. (Внимание! Опечаток тут нет, так писать у них принято, с ККК внутри и сша строчными буквами.)
    "Black": a political designation to refer not only to Afro-Amerikkkans, but, to people of color who are engaged in revolutionary struggle in the u.s. and all over the world. It should not be taken to mean the domination of Afro-Amerikkkans or the exclusion of other people of color from black revolutionary organizations.
    Black Collaborator: those few blacks brought into the capitalist system at all levels, including such high levels as black capitalist, project directors, administrators, etc., who have enough of a stake in the operation of the system to cooperate in pacification programs against their black brothers and sisters. The "House Niggers".
    Black Panther Party: an above ground community based armed self-defense organization whose job it was to defend the community by force of arms in "legal" posture and mode, unlike the clandestine Black Liberation Army. The Black Panther Party also served the community through community based survival programs such as free breakfast for children, free health care, liberation schools for political education, etc.
    Black Revolutionary Power: the taking of state power by black amerikkkans (Afro-Amerikkkans) in order to revolutionize the entire country on the basis of their enriched concept of man/woman.
    Bourgeoisie: the rich and the super rich. The ruling elite who own and manage the means of production, ex: Rockefeller, Mellon, Dupont, etc. They are the real rulers in a capitalist society who dictate and has everyone else eitherworking for them to maintain status-quo, or those who may slave for them in order to survive."
    Мы дали здесь лишь краткое представление об офисном сленге и терминологии администраторов, юристов, мошенников и политиков (как вам компания?). Хотите стать Большим администратором (юристом ит.д.) - изучайте это дело подробнее.

    American slang. English-Russian dictionary > Глава 4. Клич охотника в бумажных джунглях

  • 18 record

    rec·ord n [ʼrekɔ:d, Am -ɚd]
    1) ( information) Aufzeichnungen fpl, Unterlagen fpl; ( document) Akte f; of attendance Liste f; ( minutes) Protokoll nt, Niederschrift f;
    this summer has been the hottest on \record dieser Sommer war der heißeste, der jemals verzeichnet wurde;
    the coach went on \record as saying... der Trainer äußerte sich öffentlich dahingehend, dass...;
    to be a matter of [public] \record [offiziell] belegt [o dokumentiert] sein;
    to keep \records ( register) Buch führen;
    ( list) eine Liste führen; historian Aufzeichnungen machen;
    to keep a private \record of sth sich dat etw notieren;
    for the \record ( for the minutes) für das Protokoll;
    ( as a matter of form) der Ordnung halber
    2) no pl ( past history) Vorgeschichte f; of achievements bisherige Leistungen;
    this applicant has the best \record dieser Bewerber hat die besten Voraussetzungen;
    he's got a clean \record er hat sich nichts zu Schulden kommen lassen;
    ( no convictions) er ist nicht vorbestraft;
    given Mr Smith's \record as a good credit risk, we can give him the loan in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass Herr Smith sich in der Vergangenheit bereits als kreditwürdig erwiesen hat, können wir ihm das Darlehen geben;
    police \record Vorstrafen fpl;
    safety \record Sicherheitszeugnis nt;
    criminal \record Vorstrafenregister nt;
    dental \record zahnärztliche Unterlagen pl;
    to have an excellent \record worker, employee ausgezeichnete Leistungen vorweisen können;
    to have a good/bad \record einen guten/schlechten Ruf haben;
    medical \record Krankenblatt nt
    3) ( music) [Schall]platte f;
    hit \record Hit m ( fam)
    to change/ play/put on a \record eine Platte umdrehen/spielen/auflegen;
    to make [or cut] a \record eine [Schall]platte aufnehmen
    4) sports Rekord m;
    Olympic \record olympischer Rekord;
    world \record Weltrekord m;
    to break [or beat] a \record einen Rekord brechen;
    to set [or establish] a \record einen Rekord aufstellen
    5) law ( court report) [Gerichts]protokoll nt, Gerichtsakte f;
    a court of \record ein ordentliches Gericht
    PHRASES:
    to put [or set] the \record straight für Klarheit sorgen, alle Missverständnisse aus dem Weg räumen;
    to say sth on/off the \record etw offiziell/inoffiziell sagen;
    strictly off the \record ganz im Vertrauen, streng vertraulich adj [ʼrekɔ:d, Am -ɚd] inv Rekord-;
    \record crop/ turnout/ year Rekordernte f /-beteiligung f; /-jahr nt;
    to reach a \record high/ low ein Rekordhoch/Rekordtief nt erreichen;
    to do sth in \record time etw in Rekordzeit erledigen vt [rɪʼkɔ:d, Am -ʼkɔ:rd]
    1) ( store)
    to \record sth facts, events etw aufzeichnen [o festhalten];
    the temperature fell today, with -14ºC being \recorded in some places die Temperaturen fielen heute, stellenweise wurden -14ºC gemessen;
    to \record a birth/ a death/ a marriage law eine Geburt/einen Todesfall/eine Heirat registrieren [o [ins Register] eintragen];
    to \record one's feelings/ ideas/ thoughts seine Gefühle/Ideen/Gedanken niederschreiben;
    to \record sth in the minutes of a meeting etw in einem Sitzungsprotokoll vermerken
    2) ( register)
    to \record rotations/ the speed/ the temperature Umdrehungen/die Geschwindigkeit/die Temperatur anzeigen [o messen];
    the needle \recorded 50 mph die Nadel zeigte 80 km/h
    to \record sth film, mus etw aufnehmen; event etw dokumentieren;
    to \record a speech eine Rede aufzeichnen vi [rɪʼkɔ:d, Am -ʼkɔ:rd] (on tape, cassette) Aufnahmen machen; person eine Aufnahme machen; machine aufnehmen;
    the VCR is \recording der Videorecorder nimmt gerade auf

    English-German students dictionary > record

  • 19 party

    1. n партия
    2. a партийный

    party affiliation — партийность, принадлежность к партии

    3. n отряд, команда; группа, партия

    party in office — политическая партия, находящаяся у власти

    4. n компания
    5. n приём гостей; вечер, вечеринка; пикник; прогулка в компании

    to give a party — позвать гостей; устроить вечер; принимать гостей

    to make up a party — собрать гостей, устроить вечер

    party pooper — гость, который уходит первым с вечеринки

    house party — гости, приглашённые на несколько дней

    6. n сопровождающие лица, свита

    third party — третье лицо, третья сторона

    accommodation party — лицо, выписавшее дружеский вексель

    7. n участник, участвующее лицо

    the defendant was a party to the making of the codicil — обвиняемый принимал участие в составлении дополнительного распоряжения к завещанию

    third party risk — риск, которому подвергается третье лицо

    8. n разг. особа; человек
    9. n амер. студ. жарг. доступная девушка

    coming-out party — приём в честь девушки, впервые появившейся в свете;

    10. n юр. сторона

    contracting parties, the parties to a contractдоговаривающиеся стороны

    defaulting party — сторона, не выполняющая обязанностей

    party in default — сторона, не выполнившая обязанность

    guilty party — сторона, признанная виновной; виновный

    11. n амер. студ. жарг. обнимание, нежничание; вечеринка с поцелуями
    12. a геральд. разделённый сверху донизу на две равные части
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. affair (noun) affair; ball; banquet; bee; celebration; festivity; fete; fun; function; gala; occasion; social; soiree
    2. alliance (noun) alliance; attachment; body; circle; clique; coterie; league
    3. communicant (noun) communicant; member
    4. company (noun) band; company; corps; outfit; troop; troupe
    5. entertainment (noun) amusement; beguilement; carousal; diversion; entertainment; performance
    6. group (noun) assemblage; assembly; band; bevy; bunch; cluster; covey; crew; gathering; group; mob; multitude; team
    7. human (noun) being; creature; human; individual; life; man; mortal; person; personage; soul; wight
    8. litigant (noun) agent; compurgator; contractor; litigant; plotter
    9. orgy (noun) bacchanal; bacchanalia; debauch; orgy; saturnalia
    10. participant (noun) actor; partaker; participant; participator; sharer
    11. ring (noun) bloc; cartel; coalition; combination; combine; faction; ring

    English-Russian base dictionary > party

См. также в других словарях:

  • High Risk (film) — Infobox Film name = High Risk image size = 200px caption = Cover of Hong Kong DVD release director = Wong Jing producer = Wong Jing writer = Wong Jing narrator = starring = Jet Li Jacky Cheung Chingmy Yau music = Jussi Tegelman Richard Yuen… …   Wikipedia

  • Risk management — For non business risks, see risk, and the disambiguation page risk analysis Example of risk management: A NASA model showing areas at high risk from impact for the International Space Station. Risk management is the identification, assessment,… …   Wikipedia

  • Risk — Typically defined as the standard deviation of the return on total investment. Degree of uncertainty of return on an asset. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * ▪ I. risk risk 1 [rɪsk] noun 1. [countable, uncountable] the possibility that… …   Financial and business terms

  • risk — (1) Noun The possibility of loss. (2) Noun The uncertainty of whether events, expected or otherwise, will have an adverse impact. In this context, the adverse impact is usually a quantity of return ( income) or value at risk. (3) Noun the… …   Financial and business terms

  • risk — risk1 W1S2 [rısk] n [Date: 1600 1700; : French; Origin: risque, from Italian risco] 1.) [U and C] the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or dangerous may happen = ↑danger →↑gamble, chance ↑chance risk of ▪ the risk …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • high — I UK [haɪ] / US adjective Word forms high : adjective high comparative higher superlative highest *** Collocations: High is used for talking about things that are a long way from the ground, or about things whose top parts are a long way from the …   English dictionary

  • risk — The probability that an event will occur. attributable r. the rate of a disease or other outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure. competing r. an event that removes a subject from being at r. for an outcome under… …   Medical dictionary

  • Risk — takers redirects here. For the Canadian television program, see Risk Takers. For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable… …   Wikipedia

  • Risk aversion — is a concept in psychology, economics, and finance, based on the behavior of humans (especially consumers and investors) while exposed to uncertainty. Risk aversion is the reluctance of a person to accept a bargain with an uncertain payoff rather …   Wikipedia

  • Person-to-person lending — (also known as peer to peer lending, peer to peer investing, and social lending; abbreviated frequently as P2P lending) is a certain breed of financial transaction (primarily lending and borrowing, though other more complicated transactions can… …   Wikipedia

  • High Justice — is a 1974 collection of science fiction short stories by Jerry Pournelle. A major part of the background of these stories is the final fall of the Welfare States; Russia is never mentioned, and the US is downsliding due to inflation and political …   Wikipedia

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